Irapuato
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Athanasius Kircher, Jésuite:Là où les tigres sont chez eux de Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès. Athanasius Kircher (en français : Athanase Kircher) est un jésuite allemand, graphologue, orientaliste, esprit …Plus
Athanasius Kircher, Jésuite:Là où les tigres sont chez eux de Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès.
Athanasius Kircher (en français : Athanase Kircher) est un jésuite allemand, graphologue, orientaliste, esprit encyclopédique et un des scientifiques les plus importants de l'époque baroque.
editionsjailu | January 06, 2010 Eléazard Von Wogau, est correspondant de presse au fin fond du Nordeste brésilien.
On lui adresse un jour un fascinant manuscrit, biographie inédite d'un célèbre jésuite de l'époque baroque : Athanase Kircher. Fasciné par ce quil découvre, il se lance dans une sorte denquête qui va avoir bien des incidences sur sa vie privée.
On découvre alors au fil de la lecture dautres personnages tels Elaine, archéologue en mission improbable dans la jungle du Mato Grosso, Moéma, étudiante à la dérive, ou bien Nelson, jeune gamin infirme des favelas de Pirambû qui hume le plomb fondu de la vengeance.
Nous sommes au Brésil, dans le pays des démesures. Nous sommes aussi dans la terra incognita …Plus
Irapuato
Athanasius Kircher (n. 2 de mayo de 1601 o 1602, en Geisa, Abadía de Fulda, Alemania - † 27 o 28 de noviembre de 1680, en Roma) fue sacerdote jesuita, políglota, erudito, estudioso orientalista, de espíritu enciclopédico y uno de los científicos más importantes de la época barroca.
Formación
Era hijo del filósofo Johannes Kircher, un doctor en teología por la Universidad de Maguncia que no …Plus
Athanasius Kircher (n. 2 de mayo de 1601 o 1602, en Geisa, Abadía de Fulda, Alemania - † 27 o 28 de noviembre de 1680, en Roma) fue sacerdote jesuita, políglota, erudito, estudioso orientalista, de espíritu enciclopédico y uno de los científicos más importantes de la época barroca.
Formación
Era hijo del filósofo Johannes Kircher, un doctor en teología por la Universidad de Maguncia que no llegó a ordenarse. Johannes hizo que sus seis hijos (tres varones y tres mujeres) ingresaran en diversas órdenes religiosas porque la familia era demasiado pobre como para costearles los estudios. Inteligente y capaz, Athanasius desarrolló una impresionante carrera intelectual mientras le rodeaba el convulso ambiente de la Guerra de los Treinta Años. Empezó estudiando humanidades en el colegio jesuita de Fulda e ingresó a los dieciséis años, el 2 de octubre de 1618, en el seminario jesuita de Paderborn, destacando en ciencias naturales y lenguas clásicas; en 1628 fue ordenado sacerdote de la Compañía de Jesús; allí fue donde aprendió griego y hebreo a la perfección y profundizó sus estudios de humanidades, ciencias naturales y matemáticas, complementándolos con filosofía en Colonia.
En 1623, en Coblenza, enseñó griego, mientras que alcanzó lo que hoy llamaríamos un posgrado en lenguas en Heiligenstadt: al tiempo de ordenarse sacerdote se había doctorado ya en Teología. Viajó por Europa hasta instalarse en Roma (1635), de la que ya no se movería hasta su muerte, con la excepción de un importante viaje a Nápoles, Sicilia y Malta a fin de estudiar el vulcanismo. En 1638 estudió el Estrecho de Mesina, donde atrajo su atención el ruido subterráneo. En Trapani y Palermo estudió los fósiles de "elefantes antediluvianos" o mamuts. Estudió las erupciones del Etna y del Stromboli y la terrible erupción del Vesubio en 1630 y cuando preparaba su vuelta a Nápoles le sorprendió el terrible terremoto que destruyó la ciudad de Euphemia. Como el mismísimo Plinio el Viejo el año 79 d. C., descendió con una cuerda al cráter del Vesubio para determinar las dimensiones exactas del mismo y su estructura interna. Todos estos trabajos dieron lugar a su obra El mundo subterráneo (1664 - 1665). Además del vulcanismo, investigó el magnetismo, la luz y los fenómenos a ellos asociados (la piedra imán, el ojo, la óptica, las lentes, los espejos, la refracción, la linterna mágica...) Inventó el modelo que se considera más perfecto de esta última máquina, así como el arpa eolia, un instrumento musical de cuerda que sonaba solo con el paso de las corrientes de aire. Consiste en una caja de resonancia rectangular, larga y angosta sobre la cual se extienden doce cuerdas de nylon para guitarra (cuatro de la nota sol, cuatro de la nota si y cuatro de la nota mi). Se fijan a clavos sin cabeza en un extremo y a pasadores de afinamiento en el otro y se sitúa en una ventana para que al fluir una corriente de aire fuerte sobre las cuerdas produzca un sonido etéreo que varía sus tonos musicales con la intensidad del viento, a la manera del rey David, quien situaba el arpa a la cabecera de su cama para obtener este resultado.
[editar] Sus investigaciones científicas

Aficionado a la ciencia, inventor y coleccionista se le considera un erudito en diversos campos del saber en los que publicó diversos tratados: el estudio del chino, la escritura universal (Novum hoc inventum quo omnia mundi idiomata ad unum reducuntur, 1660) o el arte de cómo pensar. Una de sus invenciones fue la máquina de movimiento perpetuo, la cual por medio de imanes conseguía el movimiento eterno de una flecha de hierro situada en el centro del artefacto.
Destacó por su estudio sobre la lengua copta y su aplicación al desciframiento de los jeroglíficos egipcios, campo en el que pese a que se le consideraba un experto no logró ningún resultado válido.
Su fama como "experto" en jeroglíficos movería a uno de los primeros propietarios del Manuscrito Voynich, Georgius Barschius, a pensar en él como el único capaz de interpretar sus extraños caracteres: le escribió una carta, en 1637, en la que le pedía estudiara el texto y tratara de hallar una solución al problema; esta primera carta se ha perdido pero no parece que Kircher le haya dado ninguna importancia u obtenido algún resultado digno de mención.
Aún esperanzado en que podría interesarle el tema, Baresch volvió a escribir al erudito dos años más tarde: esta segunda carta (1639) reitera el pedido de que se ocupara del manuscrito, que él le remitiría aprovechando el viaje de algunos religiosos amigos de Baresch desde Praga hasta Roma (donde estaba Kircher); tampoco hubo respuesta a este segundo llamamiento.
Años más tarde Johannes Marcus Marci (1665 ó 1666) le remitió el Manuscrito Voynich, para que intentase descifrarlo, junto con una carta en la que le explicaba su oscuro origen y decía, de paso, que parecía haber sido escrito por Roger Bacon: no consta que obtuviese resultado alguno en esta tarea por lo que depositó el manuscrito en la biblioteca jesuita de donde pasó (años más tarde) a la Biblioteca Vaticana y desde de la cual, en la década de 1870, se trasladó a la de Villa Mondragone, cerca de Frascati, en donde lo encontró y compró Voynich en 1912.
En su obra del año 1671 Ars magna lucis et umbrae describe varios artilugios relacionados con la luz y las sombras, entre ellos varios diseños fantásticos de Relojes solares. Es una de las muchas contribuciones del siglo XVII a la Gnomónica.
[editar] Obra

Musurgia universalis (1650).
La obra escrita de A. Kircher es muy prolífica y consta de 44 Volúmenes. Algunos de ellos se pueden ver en esta lista ordenada cronológicamente:
1631 Ars Magnesia
1635 Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae
1636 Prodromus Coptus sive Ægyptiacus
1637 Specula Melitensis encyclica, hoc est syntagma novum instrumentorum physico- mathematicorum
1641 Magnes sive de arte magnética
1643 Lingua Ægyptiaca restituta
1645–1646 Ars Magna Lucis et umbrae in mundo
1650 Obeliscus Pamphilius
1650 Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni
1652–1655 Œdipus Ægyptiacus
1656 Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste
1657 Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus
1658 Scrutinium Physico-Medicum Contagiosae Luis, quae dicitur Pestis
1660 Pantometrum Kircherianum... explicatum a G. Schotto
1661 Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus
1663 Polygraphia, seu artificium linguarium quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere
1664–1678 Mundus subterraneus, quo universae denique naturae divitiae
1665 Historia Eustachio-Mariana
1665 Arithmologia sive de abditis Numerorum mysteriis
1666 Obelisci Ægyptiaci... interpretatio hieroglyphica
1667 China Monumentis, qua sacris qua profanis
1667 Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatio physiologica
1668 Organum mathematicum
1669 Principis Cristiani archetypon politicum
1669 Latium
1669 Ars magna sciendi sive combinatorica
1670 La Chine [...] illustrée de plusieurs monuments tant sacrés que profanes [...]
1671 Ars magna lucis et umbrae
1673 Phonurgia nova, sive conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & natvrae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum
1675 Arca Noë
1676 Sphinx mystagoga
1676 Obelisci Ægyptiaci
1679 Musaeum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu
1679 Turris Babel sive Archontologia
1679 Tariffa Kircheriana sive mensa Pathagorica expansa
1680 Physiologia Kicheriana experimentalis
[editar] Referencias
Breve ensayo sobre el Manuscrito Voynich. Francisco Violat Bordonau, Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños, Cáceres, 2005 (disponible en Internet, Web Casanchi: Matemáticas/Criptografía).
Sobre el posible autor del Manuscrito Voynich. Francisco Violat Bordonau, Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños, Cáceres, 2005 (disponible en Internet, Web Casanchi: Matemáticas/Criptografía).
El ABC del Manuscrito Voynich. Francisco Violat Bordonau, Ed. Asesores Astronómicos Cacereños, Cáceres, 2006.
L'autobiographie d'Athanasius Kircher. L'écriture d'un jésuite entre vérité et invention au seuil de l'œuvre. Introduction et traduction française et italienne, Giunia Totaro, Bern: Peter Lang 2009, p. 430 ISBN 978-3-03911-793-2.
[editar] Véase también
Egiptología
[editar] Enlaces externos
Wikimedia Commons alberga contenido multimedia sobre Athanasius Kircher.Commons
Comentarios y enlaces a trabajos de Kircher en Español
La correspondencia de Athanasius Kircher en el Archivo Histórico de la Pontificia Universidad Gregoriana
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasio_Kircher
Irapuato
In a way, Jean-Marie Blas was born elsewhere. He is a timeless writer, an atypical man of today. Considering the whole world and all the ages, the Mediterranean Sea would be his centre. He was born in Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Algeria, and discovered very early on a taste for departures. Indeed, his family went to live in France, first in Camargue then in Normandy, later in the Vosges and finally in the Var …Plus
In a way, Jean-Marie Blas was born elsewhere. He is a timeless writer, an atypical man of today. Considering the whole world and all the ages, the Mediterranean Sea would be his centre. He was born in Sidi-Bel-Abbes, Algeria, and discovered very early on a taste for departures. Indeed, his family went to live in France, first in Camargue then in Normandy, later in the Vosges and finally in the Var which he left rapidly to go to Paris. There, he studied philosophy at the Sorbonne and history at the College de France. Despite his great studies, he still found enough time to sail on the Mediterranean sea. After graduating, Jean-Marie Blas de Robles went to Brazil as a teacher and the headmaster of the Maison de la Culture Française at Fortaleza University.
At that time, in 1982, he published his first book, an anthology of short stories mixing fantasy with the mystical style, La memoire du rizwhich received the Nouvelle Academie Francaise Prize. It is a book already full of the sublime erudition of the author, his fascination for the mystery of the world ; in this book appears the character of Eleazard. This character appears again in La ou les tigres sont chez eux, published in 2008. At the age of 27, Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès is referred to in the magazine Les Nouvelles Littéraires as one of the “great Gnostics of our literature” while the Figaro considers him as “a new king of the night” heir to André Pieyre de Mandiargues.
He was then transferred to China, at Tien-Tsin University, where he was the first to teach Sartre and Roland Barthes as there, the Cultural Revolution was just ending. He has been a Member of the Archaeological French mission in Libya since 1986 ; every summer, he goes to the submarine digs in Apollonia of Cyrenaique, in Leptis Magna and in Sabrathe in Tripolitaine.
He was then transferred to the Palerme University. He took this opportunity to visit Tibet on his way back to Europe on the Tran-Siberian Railway. The same year, his first novel L’impudeur des choses was published in which he describes wonderfully the monstrous beauty of the world. In 1989, he published his second novel, Le rituel des dunes, still haunted by the anamorphose of the world.
Jean-Marie Roblès (his actual name ; he borrowed his pseudonym from the original editor of Don Quichote, by Cervantès), was finally transferred to the Taipei French Alliance, in Taiwan. There, he started the long writing process of his third novel. His Great Work had started. He gave up teaching, travelled much, fed his mind with the planet (Peru, Yemen, Indonesia…). He published essays and poetry in literary journals.
Meduse en son miroir was published in 2008 by Mare Nostrum ; and still in 2008, more particularly, he published Là où les tigres sont chez eux. He had spent a decade writing it, and almost the same period of time to find and editor. It is a very unusual novel, and the size of the book made it especially original ; his first editor asked him to make it 400 pages shorter, which he refused and every publisher made the same request. Finally, Zulma accepted to publish this almost 800-page long novel, it was scholarly and very complete. This book is a novel of adventure, a philosophical novel about escaping from disenchantment, from the tyranny of numbers, the refusal of mathematical modernity, a novel about the quest for the origins which recreates the swirls of the race of the world, which tangles the dances of the centuries, mixes times, men, places… an ode to creative madness. It may have been a crazy bet, but Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès and the Zulma book house were right, in advance of their time. As soon as it was published, the book was rewarded with the Fnac Prize, followed by the Jean Giono Prize and the Medicis Prize. The book was even present in the very last list of the Prix Goncourt Prize.
Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès is now in charge of the editing of the Aouras journal which is devoted to archaeological digs in the area of ancient Aures. He has created the Archeologies series for the Edisud house which he now runs and in which he published several popularization works.
www.etonnants-voyageurs.com/spip.php
8 autres commentaires de Irapuato
Irapuato
Athanasius Kircher foi um jesuíta, matemático, físico, alquimista e inventor alemão nascido em Geisa, uma cidade pequena no banco do norte da Rônia Superior, Buchônia, famoso por sua versatilidade de conhecimentos e particularmente sua habilidade para o conhecimento das ciências naturais.
Seu pai, John Kircher, estudou Filosofia e Teologia em Mainz, sem, porém, ter sido ordenado, obteve o grau …Plus
Athanasius Kircher foi um jesuíta, matemático, físico, alquimista e inventor alemão nascido em Geisa, uma cidade pequena no banco do norte da Rônia Superior, Buchônia, famoso por sua versatilidade de conhecimentos e particularmente sua habilidade para o conhecimento das ciências naturais.
Seu pai, John Kircher, estudou Filosofia e Teologia em Mainz, sem, porém, ter sido ordenado, obteve o grau do doutor na faculdade posterior, dissertando em Teologia na casa Beneditina, em Seligenstadt. Seu filho estudou ciências humanas na Faculdade Jesuítica, em Fulda, e em 1618 entrou para a Sociedade de Jesus, em Paderborn.
Ao término do noviciado mudou-se para Colônia para estudar Filosofia, em plena Guerra dos 30 Anos. O jovem e talentoso estudante dedicou-se especialmente às ciências naturais e aos idiomas clássicos, especialidade na qual ele logo passou a ensinar nas filiais das faculdades Jesuíticas, em Coblenz e Heiligenstadt. Em Mainz, onde ele começou os estudos teológicos em 1625, atraiu a atenção por sua habilidade como um experimentalista.
Ordenado padre em 1628, antes mesmo de terminar seu último ano probatório, em Speyer, foi convidado para assumir a cadeira de Ética e Matemática na Universidade de Würzburg, enquanto ao mesmo tempo já ensinava sírio e hebreu. Porém, por causa da guerra, foi obrigado a ir primeiro para Lyon, na França (1631), e depois para Avignon.
Em Aix tomou conhecimento da pesquisa do senador francês Sicolas Peiresc, sobre os hieróglifos egípcios, e o famoso senador viu nele o homem certo para resolver o enigma egípcio e solicitou sua liberação dos Jesuítas para que ele pudesse ficar em Roma dedicando-se à pesquisa. Viveu, então, o resto de sua vida em Roma, cidade onde morreu, onde papas, imperadores, príncipes e prelados respeitavam suas investigações e, essencialmente, suas opiniões.
Depois de seis anos na Universidade de Roma, onde ensinou Física, Matemática e idiomas orientais, foi liberado destes deveres para que pudesse ter liberdade nos estudos e se dedicar à pesquisa científica formal, especialmente no sul da Itália e Sicília. Viajou para Malta e estudou o vários vulcões entre Nápoles e a ilha. Especialmente estudou um fenômeno no Estreito de Messina (1638) onde, além do barulho da onda, um estrondo subterrâneo atraiu o seu atenção.

Relógio magnético de Kircher.
Em Trapani e Palermo seu interesse foi despertado pelos restos de elefantes antediluvianos. Mas antes de tudo ele tentou descobrir o poder subterrâneo dos vulcões Etna e Stromboli, então em erupção, especialmente influenciado pelos fenômenos provocados pela assustadora erupção do Vesúvio (1630).
Estudou as ciências da Alquimia, Astrologia e Horoscopia, que ainda estavam muito em voga em seu tempo. Usando um microscópio rudimentar, examinou doentes com peste e observou pioneiramente os vermes, construiu um aparelho para projetar imagens, conhecido como lanterna mágica (1646) e relacionou peste bubônica com putrefação.

Kircher's model of the Earth's internal fires, from Mundus Subterraneus.

Giant fossil bones were ascribed to giant human races in Mundus subterraneus.
Para se ter uma idéia aproximada da sua atividade literária é necessário observar que durante sua curta estada em Roma nada menos que quarenta e quatro livros foram escritos por ele, entre eles: Specula Melitensis Encyclica sive syntagma novum instrumentorum physico-mathematicorum (1638), Magnes sive de arte magnetica (1640), Lingua ægyptiaca restituta (1643), Ars magna lucis et umbræ (1644), Musurgia universalis sive ars consoni et dissoni (1650), Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste (1656), Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus (1657), Scrutinium physico-medicum contagiosæ luis, quæ pestis dicitur (1658), Obeliscus Pamphylius (1660) e Polygraphia seu artificium lingarum, quo cum omnibus totius mundi populis poterit quis correspondere (1663) e Mundus Subterraneus (1678).
[editar] Bibliografia
1631 Ars Magnesia
1635 Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae
1636 Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacus
1637 Specula Melitensis encyclica, hoc est syntagma novum instrumentorum physico- mathematicorum
1641 Magnes sive de arte magnetica
1643 Lingua aegyptiaca restituta
1645–1646 Ars Magna Lucis et umbrae in mundo
1650 Obeliscus Pamphilius
1650 Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni
1652–1655 Oedipus Aegyptiacus
1654 Magnes sive (third, expanded edition)
1656 Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste
1657 Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus
1658 Scrutinium Physico-Medicum Contagiosae Luis, quae dicitur Pestis
1660 Pantometrum Kircherianum … explicatum a G. Schotto
1661 Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus
1663 Polygraphia, seu artificium linguarium quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere
1664–1678 Mundus subterraneus, quo universae denique naturae divitiae
1665 Historia Eustachio-Mariana
1665 Arithmologia
1666 Obelisci Aegyptiaci … interpretatio hieroglyphica
1667 China Monumentis, qua sacris qua profanis
1667 Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatio physiologica
1668 Organum mathematicum
1669 Principis Cristiani archetypon politicum
1669 Latium
1669 Ars magna sciendi sive combinatorica
1673 Phonurgia nova, sive conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & natvrae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum
1675 Arca Noe
1676 Sphinx mystagoga
1676 Obelisci Aegyptiaci
1679 Musaeum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu
1679 Turris Babel, Sive Archontologia Qua Primo Priscorum post diluvium hominum vita, mores rerumque gestarum magnitudo, Secundo Turris fabrica civitatumque exstructio, confusio linguarum, & inde gentium transmigrationis, cum principalium inde enatorum idiomatum historia, multiplici eruditione describuntur & explicantur. Amsterdam, Jansson-Waesberge 1679.
1679 Tariffa Kircheriana sive mensa Pathagorica expansa
1680 Physiologia Kicheriana experimentalis
[editar] Ligações externas
[1]
[2]
Fairfield University: Athanasius Kircher
An extensive subcategorized link directory about A. Kircher
Geology and A. Kircher (PDF files, in German)
The Museum of Jurassic Technology in Culver City, California includes models of Kircher's inventions.
University of Lucerne, Switzerland: Kircher-research project (in German)
Kircherianum Virtuale: A link directory about Kircher and related subjects
Athanasius Kircher: Contains a short biography, an English translation of Kirchers most wellknown work about the Magic Lantern and of a letter from Kircher to a Swedish prince
pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher
Irapuato
Athanasius Kircher (Geisa, 12 maggio 1602 – Roma, 28 novembre 1680) è stato un gesuita, filosofo e storico tedescodel XVII secolo.
Pubblicò una quarantina di opere, anzitutto nei campi degli studi orientali, geologia e medicina. Kircher è stato paragonato al suo confratello gesuita Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich e a Leonardo da Vinci per la sua enorme varietà di interessi, ed è stato onorato con il …Plus
Athanasius Kircher (Geisa, 12 maggio 1602 – Roma, 28 novembre 1680) è stato un gesuita, filosofo e storico tedescodel XVII secolo.
Pubblicò una quarantina di opere, anzitutto nei campi degli studi orientali, geologia e medicina. Kircher è stato paragonato al suo confratello gesuita Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich e a Leonardo da Vinci per la sua enorme varietà di interessi, ed è stato onorato con il titolo di "maestro in un centinaio d'arti".[1]
Kircher fu il più celebre "decifratore" di geroglifici del suo tempo, malgrado buona parte dei suoi presupposti e "traduzioni" in questo campo da allora siano stati smentiti. Egli tuttavia condusse uno dei primissimi studi sui geroglifici egiziani, stabilendo il legame corretto tra la lingua egizia antica e il copto, per il quale è stato considerato il fondatore dell'Egittologia. Era inoltre affascinato dalla sinologia e scrisse un'enciclopedia della Cina, nella quale notava per la prima volta la presenza dei cristiani nestoriani, ma tentò anche di stabilire collegamenti più tenui con l'Egitto e il cristianesimo.
L'opera di Kircher sulla geologia comprendeva studi su vulcani e fossili. Tra le prime persone ad osservare microbi attraverso un microscopio, fu talmente in anticipo sul suo tempo da proporre la tesi che la peste era causata da un microrganismo infettivo, e da proporre misure efficaci per prevenire la diffusione della malattia. Kircher mostrò inoltre un vivace interesse per la tecnologia e le invenzioni meccaniche: tra le invenzioni che gli sono attribuite vi sono un orologio magnetico, diversi automi e il primo megafono. L'invenzione della lanterna magica è spesso attribuita impropriamente a Kircher, che condusse uno studio sui principi inerenti nel suo trattato Ars magna lucis et umbrae.
Fu una delle più famose personalità del suo tempo in campo scientifico, venendo oscurato verso la fine della sua vita dal razionalismo di Cartesio e altri. Nel tardo XX secolo, tuttavia, la qualità estetica della sua opera ha ricominciato ad essere apprezzata. Uno studioso moderno, Alan Cutler, ha descritto Kircher come "un gigante tra gli studiosi del XVII secolo" e "uno degli ultimi pensatori che potrebbero giustamente rivendicare come suo dominio tutta la conoscenza".[2] Un altro studioso, Edward W. Schmidt, si riferisce a Kircher come all'"ultimo uomo del Rinascimento".
Biografia [modifica]
Nel 1616, all'età di 14 anni, entra come novizio nel Collegio Gesuita di Fulda. A Würzburg diventa professore di filosofia, matematica e lingue orientali.
La sua carriera, però, viene arrestata nel 1631, quando gli eventi della Guerra dei trent'anni lo costringono a cercare rifugio ad Avignone.
Nel 1635 si reca a Roma, perché il Papa Urbano VIII (Maffeo Barberini) gli assegna un posto di insegnante di scienze matematiche al Collegio Romano, ma dopo otto anni si dimette dall'incarico per dedicarsi ad una sua grande passione: lo studio dell'antichità.
Nel 1651 fondò presso il Collegio Romano il Museo Kircheriano.
La traduzione dei geroglifici egizi [modifica]
Verso la fine del 1615, Pietro Della Valle, cavaliere e patrizio romano, durante un viaggio in Egitto trova nella città del Cairo un antico vocabolario copto-arabo. Questo vocabolario, secondo le sue parole, era «nascosto tra uomini le cui menti ignoranti erano incapaci di apprezzarlo»:[3] così lo riporta a Roma, dove è sicuro sarà un valido aiuto per riscoprire la lingua degli antichi egizi.
A Roma, Nicolaus Fabricius, senatore reale di Aquisgrana, vuole tradurlo in latino: per farlo contatta proprio Kircher, suo buon amico. Malgrado la ritrosia iniziale, non sentendosi all'altezza dell'operazione, alla fine egli accetta. Quando poi la notizia della traduzione arriva alle orecchie del Papa, Kircher è richiamato a Roma per eseguire lì l'operazione.
Nell'arco di due anni la traduzione è pronta, ma ne viene rimandata la pubblicazione a causa di un viaggio intrapreso da Kircher in Sicilia ed a Malta. A causa anche della mancanza di attrezzatura per stampare i caratteri geroglifici, la traduzione rimarrà inedita per alcuni anni, tanto da spingere l'autore a rinunciare a pubblicarla.
La situazione si sblocca solo con l'intervento del Sacro Romano Imperatore, che stanzia personalmente i fondi per stampare i caratteri orientali e per coprire le spese totali dell'operazione. Kircher è estasiato da questo aiuto inaspettato, tanto da elogiare più volte, nell'introduzione della sua opera, «questo ferreo imperatore che non era tanto sopraffatto dalla barbarie della guerra e da ondate su ondate di invasioni da dedicarsi interamente a Marte dimenticando Pallade Atena».[4]
L'opera vede la luce in tre parti: la grammatica, il vocabolario ed un elenco di parole in ordine alfabetico. Kircher si avvale dell'aiuto di Abraham Ecchell, studioso di lingue orientali.
Malgrado l'autore si auguri nell'introduzione di essersi «acquistato da una posterità riconoscente qualche ringraziamento quando a tempo debito avrà tratto tutti i frutti del nostro lavoro», la "posterità" ricorda Kircher solo come aneddoto storico. La sua traduzione dei geroglifici egizi, infatti, è universalmente riconosciuta come errata in ogni sua parte: si dovrà attendere il 1821 per una traduzione definitiva dei geroglifici ad opera di Jean-François Champollion.
Kircher adottò infatti un tipo di interpretazione dei geroglifici radicalmente diversa da quella di oggi: egli pensava che ogni simbolo racchiudesse in sé una molteplicità infinita di significati, rivelati dalla divinità direttamente a chi li aveva scritti: in questo modo Kircher poté riscontrare elementi religiosi propri del cristianesimo della sua epoca anche nei segni geroglifici, ascrivendo questa presunta coincidenza di significati alla comune origine divina della rivelazione cristiana e della sapienza egizia.
La natura "magica" del geroglifico rispetto all'alfabeto normale richiedeva dunque, per Kircher, un atteggiamento diverso da quello del traduttore che compila un vocabolario (questo è stato l'approccio moderno ai geroglifici), cercando un'attitudine più simile a quella dell'iniziato o del sapiente, che gli permettesse di penetrare i significati ermeticamente "sigillati" nei segni sacri. I significati ottenuti non sarebbero però stabili, rinviando continuamente ad altri sensi: geroglifico per Kircher è ogni segno che dia origine a uno slittamento continuo di senso. Questa linea interpretativa, oggi considerata di nessun rigore scientifico, era a suo tempo originale e brillante, essendo Kircher tra i primi nell'applicazione delle modalità del rinascimento neoplatonico all'interpretazione dei geroglifici.
In termini moderni si può dire che Kircher lesse l'aspetto simbolico dei geroglifici invece che quello semantico; caratteristiche del geroglifico sono per il gesuita l'analogia (corrispondenza iconica tra segno e oggetto denotato), l'intuitività (comprensione tramite intuizione) e la motivatezza (ogni elemento grafico è motivato nella sua forma), che ne fanno appunto un simbolo, diversamente da una lettera dell'alfabeto latino, che è un segno.
Nel 1644 Kircher inizia la collaborazione con Gianlorenzo Bernini per la progettazione della Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi a piazza Navona in Roma, in qualità di esperto di geroglifici. Kircher ha dedicato un'intera opera alla decifrazione delle iscrizioni geroglifiche presenti sull'obelisco intorno al quale sarebbe sorta la fontana (Obeliscus Pamphilius, 1650).
Opere [modifica]
Scrittore prolifico di fama europea, fu autore di molte opere dedicate a vari campi del sapere, dalla filologia alla fisica, alla liturgia sacra, all'astronomia, alla storia naturale, alla matematica, alla musica, all'egittologia, alla geografia e alla civiltà cinese. Tra le principali opere scientifiche ricordiamo Magnes, sive de ars magnetica (1641), l'Ars magna lucis et umbrae (1645), il Mundus subterraneus (1665), l'Organum mathematicum (1668) e la Musurgia universalis (1650).
Le sue opere in ordine cronologico:
1631 - Ars Magnesia
1635 - Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae
1636 - Prodromus Coptus sive Ægyptiacus
1638 - Specula Melitensis encyclica, hoc est syntagma novum instrumentorum physico- mathematicorum
1641 - Magnes sive de arte magnetica opus tripartitum
1643 - Lingua Ægyptiaca restituta
1645–1646 - Ars Magna Lucis et umbrae in mundo. nella quale ha modo di spiega il significato della Tavole sciateriche
1650 - Obeliscus Pamphilius
1650 - Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni [1]
1652–1655 - Œdipus Ægyptiacus
1656 - Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste
1657 - Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus
1658 - Scrutinium Physico-Medicum Contagiosae Luis, quae dicitur Pestis
1660 - Pantometrum Kircherianum ... explicatum a G. Schotto
1661 - Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus
1663 - Polygraphia, seu artificium linguarium quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere
1664–1678 - Mundus subterraneus, quo universae denique naturae divitiae
1665 - Historia Eustachio-Mariana
1665 - Arithmologia sive de abditis Numerorum mysteriis
1666 - Obelisci Aegyptiaci ... interpretatio hieroglyphica
1667 - China Monumentis, qua sacris qua profanis
1667 - Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatio physiologica
1668 - Organum mathematicum
1669 - Principis Cristiani archetypon politicum
1669 - Latium
1669 - Ars magna sciendi sive combinatorica
1670 - La Chine [...] illustrée de plusieurs monuments tant sacrés que profanes [...]
1671 - Ars magna lucis et umbrae
1673 - Phonurgia nova, sive conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & natvrae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum
1675 - Arca Noë
1676 - Sphinx mystagoga
1676 - Obelisci Aegyptiaci
1679 - Musaeum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu
1679 - Turris Babel sive Archontologia
1679 - Tariffa Kircheriana sive mensa Pathagorica expansa
1680 - Physiologia Kicheriana experimentalis
Musica [modifica]
Nel 1995 il gruppo francese Lightwave ispirato al suo Mundus Subterraneus ha pubblicato l'omonimo album.
Arte [modifica]
Athanasius Kircher è spesso citato come l'inventore della lanterna magica (1675), nota per la sua capacità di proiettare ingranditi disegni e pitture su vetri trasparenti, utilizzando lanterne a petrolio o candele. Nel giro di pochi anni, anche la lanterna magica, così come la camera oscura, farà impazzire il mondo. Sono famose le illustrazioni e le caricature che raffigurano proiezionisti che vanno in giro per i mercati di paese col loro attrezzo magico e l'organino per suonare nel corso delle rappresentazioni, come fossero dei piccoli cinema ambulanti primordiali.
Nel 2007 l'artista Cybèle Varela crea il progetto Ad Sidera per Athanasius Kircher, ispirato alla sua vita e al Museo Kircheriano del Collegio Romano.
Note [modifica]
^ Woods, p 108
^ Cutler, p 68
^ Dedica apposta da Petrus à Valle sul vocabolario stesso. Raccolta in I detective dell'archeologia (1965), a cura di C.W. Ceram (traduzione di Luciana Bonaca).
^ Introduzione alla traduzione di Kircher. Raccolta in I detective dell'archeologia (1965), a cura di C.W. Ceram (traduzione di Luciana Bonaca).
Bibliografia [modifica]
Fonti
Questo testo proviene in parte o integralmente dalla relativa voce del progetto Mille anni di scienza in Italia, opera dell'Istituto Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze (home page) rilasciata sotto licenza Creative Commons CC-BY-3.0
Approfondimenti
Athanasius Kircher, "Vita del reverendo padre, Athanasius Kircher" autobiografia", Roma: La Lepre Edizioni, 2010, p.123
Rivosecchi Valerio, Esotismo in Roma barocca. Studi sul Padre Kircher, Roma: Bulzoni, 1982, pp. 280.
Casciato M., Ianniello M.G., Vitale M. (eds), Enciclopedia in Roma Barocca. Athanasius Kircher e il Museo del Collegio Romano tra Wunderkammer e museo scientifico, Venezia: Marsilio 1986, p. 376 ISBN 88-317-4846-7.
Lo Sardo Eugenio (ed), Il Museo del mondo, Roma: De Luca 2001, ISBN 8880164090.
Marrone Caterina, I geroglifici fantastici di Athanasius Kircher, Viterbo: Nuovi Equilibri, 2002, pp. 160 ISBN 88-7226-653-X.
Marrone Caterina, Le lingue utopiche, Viterbo: Nuovi Equilibri, 2004 [1995], pp. 338 ISBN 88-7226-815-X.
Totaro Giunia, L'autobiographie d'Athanasius Kircher. L'écriture d'un jésuite entre vérité et invention au seuil de l'œuvre. Introduction et traduction française et italienne, Bern: Peter Lang 2009, p. 430 ISBN 978-3-03911-793-2.
Anton Haakman, "Il mondo sotterraneo di Athanasius Kircher", Garzanti 1995, p. 239 ISBN 88-11-66170-6.
Pangrazi Tiziana, La Musurgia Universalis di Athanasius Kircher. Contenuti, fonti, terminologia, Firenze: Olschki 2009, pp. 206 ISBN 978-88-222-5886-1
AA.VV., "Athanasius Kircher e il suo teatro di natura ed arte", mostra 4-11-18-25 maggio 2009, Roma, C.C.I.A.A. di Roma, 2009.
Altri progetti [modifica]

Wikisource contiene opere originali di Athanasius Kircher
Wikimedia Commons contiene file multimediali su Athanasius Kircher
Wikiquote contiene citazioni di o su Athanasius Kircher
Collegamenti esterni [modifica]
In italiano
La corrispondenza di Athanasius Kircher. Il mondo di un gesuita del XVII secolo Progetto di ricerca internazionale di Michael John Gorman e Nick Wilding
La corrispondenza di Athanasius Kircher nell'Archivio Storico della Pontificia Università Gregoriana
Biografia: Athanasius Kircher Dal catalogo multimediale dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, con link ad oggetti correlati
La musurgia mirifica di Athanasius Kircher La composizione musicale alla portata di tutti nell'età barocca, pubblicato su Musica/Realtà, numero 37, aprile 1992
In inglese
Athanasius Kircher, Dude of Wonders - Articolo dal The Cronicle 28.05.2002
Il progetto "Athanasius Kircher" del'Università di Stanford
L'orologio magnetico di Athanasius Kircher
New Advent - Enciclopedia cattolica Articolo di Kircher
Enciclopedia Infoplease Articolo di Kircher
Il primo uso del microscopio nella medicina Articolo di Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science
The Galileo Project Articolo di Kircher
The World is Bound With Secret Knots La vita ed il lavoro di Athanasius Kircher
Il manoscritto Voynich fra altro la biografia di Kircher
International Bibliography of Athanasius Kircher Research
Edizioni online dei suoi libri
"Musurgia Universalis" (1650) Glasgow University Library
"China Monumentis" (1667) University of Brighton - Faculty of Arts and Architecture
it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher
Irapuato
Athanasius Kircher Celebrated for the versatility of his knowledge and particularly distinguished for his knowledge of the natural sciences, b. 2 May, 1601, at Geisa, a small town in Germany; d. at Rome, 28 Nov., 1680. From his birthplace he was accustomed to add the Latin epithet Bucho, or Buchonius, to his name, although later he preferred calling himself Fuldensis after Fulda, the capital of his …Plus
Athanasius Kircher Celebrated for the versatility of his knowledge and particularly distinguished for his knowledge of the natural sciences, b. 2 May, 1601, at Geisa, a small town in Germany; d. at Rome, 28 Nov., 1680. From his birthplace he was accustomed to add the Latin epithet Bucho, or Buchonius, to his name, although later he preferred calling himself Fuldensis after Fulda, the capital of his native country. The name Athanasius was given him in honour of the saint on whose feast he was born. John Kircher, the father of Athanasius, had studied philosophy and theology at Mainz, without, however, embracing the priestly calling. As soon as he had obtained the doctor's degree in the latter faculty, he went to lecture on theology in the Benedictine house at Seligenstadt. Athanasius studied humanities at the Jesuit College in Fulda, and on 2 Oct., 1618, entered the Society of Jesus at Paderborn. At the end of his novitiate he repaired to Cologne for his philosophical studies. The journey thither was, on account of the confusion caused by the Thirty Years' War, attended with great danger. Together with his study of speculative philosophy the talented young student devoted himself especially to the natural sciences and the classical languages, for which reason he was shortly afterwards called to teach these branches at the Jesuit colleges in Coblenz and Heiligenstadt. In Mainz, where Kircher (1625) began his theological studies, he attracted the notice of the elector through his ability and his skill as an experimentalist. In 1628 he was ordained priest, and hardly had he finished his last year of probation at Speyer when the chair of ethics and mathematics was given to him the University of Würzburg, while at the same time he had to give instructions in the Syrian and Hebrew languages. However, the disorders consequent on the wars obliged him to go first to Lyons in France (1631) and later to Avignon. The discovery of some hieroglyphic characters in the library at Speyer led Kircher to make his first attempt to solve the problem of hieroglyphical writing, which still baffled all scholars. At Aix he made the acquaintance of the well-known French senator, Sicolas Peiresc, whose magnificent collections aroused in Kircher the highest interest. Recognizing in Kircher the right man to solve the old Egyptian riddle, Peiresc applied direct to Rome and to the General of the Jesuits to have Kircher's call to Vienna by the emperor set aside and to procure a summons for the scholar to the Eternal City. This generous intention was favoured by Providence, inasmuch as Kircher on his way to Vienna was shipwrecked near Cività Vecchia, and arrived in Rome before the knowledge of his call thither had reached him. Until his death (28 Nov., 1680), Rome was now to be the principal scene of Kircher's many-sided activity, which soon developed in such an astonishing way that pope, emperor, princes, and prelates vied with one another in furthering and supporting the investigations of the learned scholar. After six years of successful teaching in the Roman College, where he lectured on physics, mathematics, and Oriental languages, he was released from these duties that he might have freedom in his studies and might devote himself to formal scientific research, especially in Southern Italy and Sicily. He took advantage of a trip to Malta to explore thoroughly the various volcanoes which exist between Naples and that island. He studied especially in 1638 the Strait of Messina, where, besides the noise of the surge, a dull subterranean rumble attracted his attention. At Trapani and Palermo his interest was aroused by the remains of antediluvian elephants. But before all else he tried to discover the subterranean power of the volcanoes of Etna and Stromboli, then in eruption; public attention had been called to such mysterious phenomena by the frightful eruption of Vesuvius in 1630. When Kircher left Messina in 1638 to return to Naples, a terrible earthquake occurred which destroyed the city of Euphemia. Like Pliny before him (A.D. 79), Kircher wished to study at close range this powerful convulsion of nature. On reaching Naples he at once climbed Vesuvius, and had himself lowered by means of a rope into the crater of the volcanic mountain and with the help of his pantometer ascertained exactly the different dimensions of the crater and its inner structure. As the firstfruits of his travels he published, for the Knights of Malta, "Specula Melitensis Encyclica sive syntagma novum instrumentorum physico-mathematicorum" (Messina, 1638). It was forty years later that the fully matured results of theses investigations appeared in Kircher's great work, the "Mundus Subterraneus", in two volumes (Amsterdam, 1678), which enjoyed the greatest repute in his time; not only did it give an incentive to the more searching investigation of subterranean forces, but it contributed much to their final explanation. When again in Rome, Kircher began collecting all kinds of antiquities and ethnologically important remains, thus laying the foundation of the well-known museum which, as the "Museum Kircherianum", still attracts today so many visitors to the Roman College. Epoch-making also were Kircher's labours in the domain of deciphering hieroglyphics, and, on the excavation of the so-called Pamphylian obelisk, he succeeded in supplying correctly the portions which had been concealed from him. It must be remembered that in those days little or no attention was paid to this subject, and that it was therefore in itself a great service to have taken the initiative in this branch of investigation, however lacking his efforts may have been in the fundamental principles of the science as it is known today. Kircher also gave an impetus to the intimate study of the relations between the different languages: Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syrian, Samaritan, Arabic, Armenian, Coptic, Persian, Ethiopian, Italian, German, Spanish, French, Portuguese. Thus in the most varied branches of science Kircher played the rôle of pioneer. Even medicine received his attention, as is shown for example by his treatise, "Scrutinium physico-medicum contagiosæ luis, quæ pestis dicitur" (Rome, 1658). He also tried to form a universal language ("Polygraphia seu artificium lingarum, quo cum omnibus totius mundi populis poterit quis correspondere", Rome, 1663). His scientific activities brought him into scientific correspondence with scholars labouring in the most different fields, as the numerous volumes of his extant letters show. It is to his inventive mind that we owe one of the earliest of our counting machines: the speaking-tube and æolian harp were perfected by him. He was also the inventor of the magic lantern which has since been brought to such perfection and is today almost indispensable. That the most varied judgments should be formed and expressed on a man of such encyclopædic knowledge was only to be expected. He tried to find a grain of truth even in the false sciences of alchemy, astrology, and horoscopy, which were still in his time much in vogue, nor is it surprising that in the province of astronomy he did not at this early date defend the Copernican System. With all his learning and vast amount of adulation which he received on all sides, Kircher retained throughout his life a deep humility and a childlike piety. In 1629 he had intimated to his general his desire to devoted his life exclusively to the spreading of the Faith in China, but this wish remained unfulfilled, and, to console himself for this disappointment, he erected during his last years a sanctuary (della Mentorella) in honour of the Mother of God on the crest of the Sabine Hill near Rome, whither, during his lifetime as now, thousands made pilgrimages and found help and consolation. In this sanctuary Kircher's heart was buried, and at the beginning of the twentieth century this place of pilgrimage was distinguished by a gigantic statue of our Divine Redeemer on the neighbouring crest of Guadagnole. To give an approximate idea of Kircher's literary activity it is only necessary to remark that during his sojourn in Rome no less than forty-four folio volumes came from his pen. A full list of his writings is to be found in Sommervogel, "Bibl. Scriptorum S.J.". Besides the works already named, it is sufficient to mention here: "Magnes sive de arte magnetica" (Rome, 1640; Cologne, 1643, 1654); "Lingua ægyptiaca restituta" (Rome, 1643); "Ars magna lucis et umbræ" (Rome, 1644); "Musurgia universalis sive ars consoni et dissoni" (Rome, 1650); "Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste" (Rome, 1656); "Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus" (Rome, 1657); "Obeliscus Pamphylius" (Rome, 1650). www.newadvent.org/cathen/08661a.htm
Irapuato
Athanasius Kircher SJ war ein deutscher Jesuit und Universalgelehrter des 17. Jahrhunderts, der die meiste Zeit seines Lebens am Collegium Romanum in Rom lehrte und forschte. Kircher veröffentlichte eine große Zahl ausführlicher Monografien über ein weites Spektrum von Themen unter anderem der Ägyptologie, Geologie, Medizin, Mathematik und Musiktheorie. Seine Arbeit über die ägyptischen Hieroglyphen …Plus
Athanasius Kircher SJ war ein deutscher Jesuit und Universalgelehrter des 17. Jahrhunderts, der die meiste Zeit seines Lebens am Collegium Romanum in Rom lehrte und forschte. Kircher veröffentlichte eine große Zahl ausführlicher Monografien über ein weites Spektrum von Themen unter anderem der Ägyptologie, Geologie, Medizin, Mathematik und Musiktheorie. Seine Arbeit über die ägyptischen Hieroglyphen ebnete den Weg für das spätere Werk Jean-François Champollions. Friedrich Kittler bezeichnet Kircher als „eine Art wissenschaftliche Feuerwehr des Papstes: Mit Sonderaufträgen und Sondervollmachten war er immer zur Stelle, wenn wissenschaftliches Neuland zu betreten, aber auch im Namen der Kirche zu verteidigen war“ (Kittler 2002: S. 88). Tatsächlich war Kircher seiner Zeit voraus, was insbesondere an seinem Einfluss auf die Bakteriologie, Medizin, Akustik, Astronomie, Mechanik, Farbenlehre abzulesen ist. So erkannte er als erster Mensch den Einfluss von „kleinen Wesen“ auf die Verbreitung der Pest und schuf erste Regeln zu ihrer erfolgreichen Bekämpfung. Kirchers Motto lautete In uno omnia (In Einem alles). Leben [Bearbeiten] Kircher wurde am 2. Mai 1602 in Geisa bei Fulda geboren. Von 1614 bis 1618 besuchte er das Jesuiten-Kollegium in Fulda. Am 2. Oktober 1618 trat er in Paderborn dem Jesuitenorden bei. An der Academia Theodoriana studierte er Philosophie und Theologie, musste aber 1622 auf abenteuerliche Weise nach Köln fliehen, um einrückenden protestantischen Truppen unter Herzog Christian von Braunschweig-Lüneburg zu entgehen.[1] Auf der Reise entging er knapp dem Tod, nachdem er bei der Überquerung des zugefrorenen Rheins ins Eis eingebrochen war. Später war er in Heiligenstadt als Lehrer tätig und unterrichtete Mathematik, Hebräisch und Syrisch. 1628 wurde er Priester und im selben Jahr Professor für Mathematik und Ethik an der Universität Würzburg. 1631 veröffentlichte er sein erstes Buch (Ars Magnesia). Im selben Jahr zwang ihn der Dreißigjährige Krieg, seine Arbeiten an der Päpstlichen Universität von Avignon in Frankreich fortzusetzen. 1633 berief ihn Ferdinand II., Kaiser des heiligen römischen Reiches deutscher Nation zum Nachfolger Johannes Keplers als Mathematiker an den Habsburger Hof nach Wien. Diese Berufung wurde allerdings auf Betreiben von Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc widerrufen. Dieser sorgte stattdessen für eine Berufung nach Rom an das Collegium Romanum, da sein Freund Kircher dort mehr Zeit für seine Forschungen – u. a. der Arbeit an der Entzifferung der Hieroglyphen – haben würde. Ab 1638 lehrte Kircher Mathematik, Physik und orientalische Sprachen am Collegium Romanum (Gregoriana). 1645 wurde er von dieser Tätigkeit freigestellt, um sich seinen Forschungen widmen zu können. Er erforschte Krankheiten wie Malaria und die Pest und schuf eine bedeutende Sammlung von Antiquitäten, welche er zusammen mit seinen eigenen Erfindungen im eigens dazu eingerichteten Museum Kircherianum ausstellte. 1661 entdeckte Kircher die Ruinen einer Kirche, welche angeblich von Konstantin dem Großen an der Stelle errichtet worden sei, an der sich eine Jesuserscheinung zugetragen haben soll. Er sammelte Geld für den Wiederaufbau dieser Kirche (in Mentorella bei Tivoli) und verfügte die Beisetzung seines Herzens an eben diesem Ort. Athanasius Kircher starb am 27. November 1680 in Rom. Werk [Bearbeiten] Kircher veröffentlichte eine große Anzahl grundlegender Werke mit einem sehr breitem Themenspektrum. Er beschäftigte sich mit Mathematik, Physik, Chemie, Geographie, Geologie, Astronomie, Biologie, Medizin, Musik, Sprachen, Philologie und Geschichte. Er verfolgte einen synkretischen oder universalwissenschaftlichen Ansatz und legte keinen Wert auf die im Entstehen begriffene Ausbildung verschiedener Disziplinen, wie wir sie heute im Wissenschaftsbetrieb kennen. Typisch für seine Monographien ist, dass sie über das eigentliche Thema hinausgehen und verwandte Fragestellungen und Meta-Diskussionen einschließen. So behandelt sein Buch Magnes (1641), das sich vornehmlich mit Magnetismus beschäftigt, auch andere Formen der Anziehung wie Gravitation und Liebe (Zitat: „Alles ist durch geheime Knoten miteinander verbunden“). Kirchers heute vielleicht bekanntestes Werk ist der Œdipus Ægyptiacus (1652), eine breite Studie zur Ägyptologie und zur vergleichenden Religionswissenschaft. Seine in Latein verfassten Werke fanden zu seiner Zeit weite Verbreitung und machten die Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Arbeit einem weiten Kreis von Lesern bekannt. Ägyptologie [Bearbeiten] Das koptische Alphabet; Auszug aus Prodromus coptus (1636)Kirchers Interesse an Ägyptologie wurde geweckt, als er 1628 in der Bibliothek von Speyer auf eine Hieroglyphensammlung stieß. 1633 lernte er Koptisch und veröffentlichte 1636 die erste Grammatik dieser Sprache (Prodromus Coptus sive Aegyptiacus). In seinem Werk (Lingua Aegyptiaca restituta) von 1643 argumentiert er korrekt, dass Koptisch keine separate Sprache sei, sondern die letzte Ausbaustufe der antiken ägyptischen Sprache. Er erkannte auch die Beziehung zwischen hieratischen Schriftzeichen und den Hieroglyphen. In Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc fand er einen Mitstreiter. In Œdipus Ægyptiacus (1652) argumentiert er, dass die antike ägyptische Sprache von Adam und Eva gesprochen wurde, dass Hermes Trismegistos und Moses ein und dieselbe Person gewesen, und die ägyptischen Hieroglyphen okkulte Symbole seien, die nicht wörtlich übersetzt, sondern nur allegorisch (sinnbildlich) ausgelegt werden könnten, daher ihre wahren Gehalte nur dem Eingeweihten vorbehalten seien. Er nahm teil an der Aufstellung der Obelisken in Rom und ist verantwortlich für die Hinzufügung heute als sinnlos bzw. sinnentstellend erkannter Hieroglyphen an einigen derselben; vgl. seinen Obeliscus Pamphilius (1650). Noch 1676 befasst er sich in seiner Sphinx Mystagoga mit Mumienbergung und Entschlüsselung der Hieroglyphen. Obwohl sein Ansatz zur Entzifferung altägyptischer Texte auf fundamentalen Fehlkonzepten beruhte, betrieb er doch bahnbrechende wissenschaftliche Forschungen auf diesem Gebiet. Kircher selbst glaubte an die Möglichkeit, dass die Hieroglyphen ein Alphabet bilden könnten, und setzte sie zum griechischen Alphabet in Beziehung. Seine Ergebnisse wurden später von Jean-François Champollion bei seinen erfolgreichen Bemühungen, diese altägyptische Sprache zu entziffern, verwendet. Kircher beschäftigte sich auch mit Atlantis, das Platon zufolge auf eine Überlieferung aus Ägypten zurückgeht. Kircher glaubte, Atlantis im Atlantik lokalisieren zu können. Sinologie [Bearbeiten] Karte des Kaiserreichs China aus Kirchers China illustrata, 1667Kircher entwickelte ein frühes Interesse an der chinesischen Kultur, schon 1629 übermittelte er seinem geistlichen Mentor, dass er Missionar in diesem Land werden wolle. Sein Werk China monumentis qua sacris qua profanis (...) illustrata ("China, illustriert anhand seiner heiligen und weltlichen Denkmäler...") war eine Enzyklopädie über das Kaiserreich China, welche akkurate Kartografie mit mystischen Elementen wie Drachen verband. Es betont die christlichen Elemente der chinesischen Geschichte, sowohl real als auch imaginär: Kircher erwähnt die frühe Anwesenheit von Nestorianern, aufgrund des sogenannten Sino-Syrian Denkmals (Nestorian-Denkmal), das im Jahr 1625 in einer Villa der chinesischen Stadt Sianfu entdeckt worden war. Er betrachtete das Denkmal, welches auch in seinem Buch Prodromus Coptus (1636) behandelt wurde, als einen Beweis dafür, dass in China bereits eintausend Jahre zuvor (also ca. 600 A.D.) ein Evangelium verkündet worden sei. Er schrieb jedoch auch, dass die Chinesen Nachkommen von Ham seien und dass die chinesischen Schriftzeichen nach Asien abgewandelte Hieroglyphen seien, wie er bereits im Oedipus Aegyptiacus (1652–1654) angekündigt hatte. Zum Nachweis dieser These konstruierte Kircher unter Berufung auf biblische Erzählung eine umfangreiche Kolonialisierungsgeschichte der Welt durch Noahs Familie. Nach der Sintflut komme Ham, Noahs zweiter Sohn, nach Persien, und gründe dort eine Kolonie. Kircher identifizierte ihn als Zoroaster, den König von Bactria, dessen Grenze bis Indien und an die Mongolei reichte. Das Nachbarland China sei die letzte Erde gewesen, die Ham zu kolonialisieren hatte. In dieser Zeit übernahm der erste chinesische Kaiser Fohi vom Kolonialherren Ham die Hieroglyphenschrift und entwickelte sie zur chinesischen Schrift, behauptete Kircher. Nach seiner Zeitrechnung geschah diese Übernahme 300 Jahre nach der Sintflut. Trotz dieser Verwandtschaft standen in seinem System die Ideogramme unter den Hieroglyphen, weil sie sich auf spezifische Ideen bezogen, anstatt auf mysteriöse Ideenkomplexe. Die Zeichen der Maya und Azteken waren noch niedrigere Zeichen, weil sie sich auf einzelne Objekte bezogen. Umberto Eco bemerkte einmal, dass diese Idee den damaligen europäischen Standpunkt (und damit den Standpunkt der katholischen Kirche) in Bezug auf die chinesische und indianische Zivilisation ausdrücke und untermauere: „China wurde nicht als unbekannter Barbar dargestellt, sondern als verlorener Sohn, welcher zurückkehren sollte ins Haus des gemeinsamen Vaters.“ Geologie [Bearbeiten] Kirchers Modell des Erdinneren aus Mundus subterraneus (1678)Auf einer Reise nach Süditalien 1638 stieg Kircher in den Krater des Vesuvs, um dann am Rande der Eruptionen das Innere des Vulkans zu erforschen. Er war auch angetan von dem unterirdischen Rumpeln, das er an der Meerenge von Messina vernahm. Seine geologischen und geographischen Forschungen gipfelten in seinem Werk Mundus Subterraneus (1664) in dem er vermutete, dass die Gezeiten von Wassermassen verursacht würden, die sich zwischen den Weltmeeren und einem unterirdischen Ozean bewegen. Kirchers Standpunkt zu Fossilien war nicht einheitlich. Er verstand, dass einige Versteinerungen Überreste von Tieren waren, andere schrieb er aber dem menschlichen Erfindergeist oder spontanen regenerativen Kräften der Erde zu. Nicht alle Objekte, die er zu erklären versuchte, waren Fossilien – daher die Vielfalt seiner Ansätze. Medizin [Bearbeiten] Illustration über das Gehör aus Musurgia Universalis (1650)Kircher nahm einen bemerkenswert modernen Ansatz in der Erforschung von Krankheiten: schon vor 1646 setzte er ein Mikroskop ein, um das Blut von Pestkranken zu untersuchen. In seinem Werk Scrutinium Pestis von 1658 bemerkt er die Anwesenheit von „kleinen Würmern“ im Blut und schließt folglich, dass die Krankheit von Mikroorganismen verursacht würde. Der Schluss war korrekt, auch wenn es wahrscheinlich ist, dass das, was er gesehen hat, in Wirklichkeit rote oder weiße Blutkörperchen waren.[2] Er schlug auch hygienische Maßnahmen wie Isolation, Quarantäne, das Verbrennen der Kleider der Kranken sowie das Tragen von Gesichtsmasken zur Vermeidung der Ausbreitung der Pest vor. Musik [Bearbeiten] Im Werk Musurgia Universalis (1650) legt Kircher seine Ansichten zur Musik und zur Affektenlehre dar. Er glaubte, dass die Harmonie der Musik die Proportionen des Universums widerspiegelt. Mit zahlreichen Notenbeispielen aus der zeitgenössischen Musik. Besonders ausführlich wird der Orgelbau behandelt. Kircher beschreibt in diesem Buch Pläne von wasserkraftbetriebenen automatischen Orgeln, Charakteristik des Vogelgesangs und den Aufbau musikalischer Instrumente. Eine Zeichnung zeigt die Unterschiede zwischen dem menschlichen Ohr und dem einiger Tierarten. Auch stellt er einen Algorithmus zur automatischen Komposition vor. Kircher behandelt ferner die Schallübertragung und Abhöranlagen. Erfindungen und theoretische Leistungen [Bearbeiten] Konstruktion einer magnetischen Uhr (1650)Zu Kirchers Erfindungen gehört unter anderem ein Vorläufer der Laterna Magica, das Smicroscopium parastaticum, welches er in seinem Buch Ars magna lucis et umbrae (1671) beschreibt. Dieses Gerät bestand aus einer Drehscheibe und einer optischen Betrachtungseinrichtung. Auf dieser Scheibe waren zahlreiche kleine Bilder angebracht, die man durch das Linsensystem dann vergrößert betrachten konnte. Dieses Gerät ist ein direkter Vorläufer des Phenakistiskops, das wiederum ein direkter Vorläufer des Filmprojektors ist. Er konstruierte eine magnetische Uhr nach dem von ihm in seinem Werk Magnes vorgestellten Mechanismus. Weiterhin erfand Kircher das Organum Mathematicum, eine Art mathematischer Lernmaschine. Andere von Kircher entworfene oder konstruierte Maschinen waren: Eine Pipeline aus Blei, eine Windharfe, eine Statue, die mittels eines Sprachrohrs sprechen und hören konnte, der Versuch eines Perpetuum Mobile. Nebenbei entwickelte er ein System der verschlüsselten Nachrichtenübertragung unter der Bezeichnung „Stenographia“ („geheimes Schreiben mit Licht“) bzw. „Cryptologia“. Dieses System verwendete – im Gegensatz zur optischen Telegrafie der Antike – einen Hohlspiegel, der mit den zu übertragenden Schriftzeichen beschriftet wird. Mit diesem Verfahren konnten militärische Kommandos über eine Entfernung von rund dreieinhalb Kilometern „abhörsicher“ übermittelt werden. Sonstiges [Bearbeiten] In der Polygraphia nova (1663) schlägt Kircher eine von ihm geschaffene, künstliche universelle Plansprache vor. Sein Schüler Caspar Schott, ein Würzburger Mathematiker, war sein engster Mitarbeiter. Kircher beschäftigte sich zum Lebensabend auch mit der Sintflut und der Arche Noah (v. a. in technischer Hinsicht), wodurch das äußerst reich illustrierte Buch Arca Noë (erschienen in Amsterdam bei Jansson & Waesberge 1675) entstand. Einige Ausarbeitungen beziehen sich auf Studien des französischen Mathematikers Johannes Buteo, der 1554 eine den biblischen Angaben entsprechende Arche beschrieben hatte. Das Voynich-Manuskript [Bearbeiten] 1665 erhielt der damals unrichtig als „Entzifferer der Hieroglyphen“ bekannte Kircher von seinem langjährigen Freund Johannes Marcus Marci das so genannte Voynich-Manuskript, in der Hoffnung, dass er es entschlüsseln könne. Das Manuskript blieb bis zur Annektierung des Kirchenstaates durch den italienischen König Viktor Emanuel II. im Jahre 1870 und der einhergehenden Säkularisierung des Kirchenbesitzes mit Kirchers restlicher Korrespondenz im Archiv des Collegium Romanum. Standpunkt [Bearbeiten] Kircher war und blieb während seines gesamten Lebens ein Mann der katholischen Kirche. Stets versuchte er, die Ergebnisse seiner Arbeit in Einklang mit der Lehrmeinung der Kirche zu bringen. Entsprechend der offiziellen Lehrmeinung wandte er sich in seinem Werk Magnes (1641) gegen das Kopernikanische Weltbild und unterstützte das Tychonische Modell, präsentierte aber entsprechend der sich ändernden wissenschaftlichen Einstellung in seinem späteren Werk Itinerarium extaticum (1656, revidiert 1671) mehrere, alternativ mögliche Systeme, einschließlich des Kopernikanischen. Bedeutung [Bearbeiten] Während eines Großteils der Zeit seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens galt Kircher als einer der populärsten Gelehrten der damaligen Welt. Gemäß der amerikanischen Historikerin Paula Findlen war Kircher „der erste Gelehrte mit weltweiter Reputation“. Seine Bedeutung erreichte er mit einer Doppelstrategie: Seinen eigenen Forschungen und Experimenten fügte er die Informationen hinzu, die er aus seiner Korrespondenz mit über 760 anderen Wissenschaftlern, Physikern und vor allem seinen Jesuitenbrüdern aus aller Welt zusammentrug. Die Encyclopædia Britannica nennt Kircher eine „Ein-Mann Clearingstelle für intellektuelle Themen“. Die nach seinen Anweisungen illustrierten Werke waren sehr populär. Er war der erste Wissenschaftler, der sich durch den Verkauf seiner Bücher vollständig selbst finanzieren konnte. Zum Ende seines Lebens begann sich der Cartesianismus durchzusetzen, und seine Popularität verebbte. René Descartes selbst nannte Kircher „mehr Quacksalber als Gelehrten“. Aus heutiger Sicht erscheinen seine Werke als eine Mischung von Ergebnissen genuiner Forschung, durchdachten Beziehungsmanagements, zukunftsweisender Intuition, bloßer Spekulation und bewundernswerten Marketings. Nach seinem Tod wurde Kirchers Werk bis ins späte 20. Jahrhundert weitgehend mit Nichtachtung gestraft. Seitdem erfährt es aber eine gewisse Renaissance. Man führt Kirchers Wiederentdeckung auf die Ähnlichkeiten seines eklektizistischen Ansatzes mit der Postmoderne zurück. „Zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts ist Kirchers Geschmack für Trivialitäten, Täuschung und Wunder wieder gefragt.“ „Kirchers postmoderne Qualitäten umfassen unter anderem seine Subversivität, seine Berühmtheit, seine Technomanie und seinen bizarren Eklektizismus.“ Da ein Großteil von Kirchers wissenschaftlicher Arbeit heute nicht mehr aktuell ist und wenige seiner Werke übersetzt wurden, liegt das heutige Interesse mehr auf deren ästhetischer Qualität als auf dem eigentlichen Inhalt. Eine Reihe von Ausstellungen hat bereits die Schönheit von Kirchers Werken herausgestellt: Chicago, 2000: The ecstatic journey: Athanasius Kircher in Baroque Rome, Ausstellung an der University of Chicago. Rom, 2001: Athanasius Kircher: Il Museo del Mondo, Exponate des ehemaligen Museum Kircherianum im Palazzo Venezia. Stanford, 2001: The great art of knowing: The baroque encyclopedia of Athanasius Kircher, Ausstellung an der Stanford-Universität. Wolfenbüttel, 2002: Athanasius Kircher und Herzog August der Jüngere von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Ausstellung aus Anlass des 400. Geburtstages Kirchers Umberto Eco schrieb über Kircher sowohl in seinem Roman Die Insel des vorigen Tages als auch in seinen nichtfiktionalen Texten Die Suche nach der vollkommenen Sprache und Serendipities. Language and Lunacy. Werke [Bearbeiten] Kirchers Nachlass wird mit 44 gedruckten Bänden und 14 Briefschaften angegeben. Seine wichtigsten Werke (in chronologischer Reihung): 1631 Ars Magnesia 1635 Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae 1636 Prodromus Coptus sive Ægyptiacus 1637 Specula Melitensis encyclica, hoc est syntagma novum instrumentorum physico- mathematicorum 1641 Magnes sive de arte magnetica 1643 Lingua Ægyptiaca restituta 1645–1646 Ars Magna Lucis et umbrae in mundo 1650 Obeliscus Pamphilius 1650 Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni 1652–1655 Œdipus Ægyptiacus 1656 Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste 1657 Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus 1658 Scrutinium Physico-Medicum Contagiosae Luis, quae dicitur Pestis 1660 Pantometrum Kircherianum … explicatum a G. Schotto 1661 Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus 1663 Polygraphia, seu artificium linguarium quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere 1664–1678 Mundus subterraneus, quo universae denique naturae divitiae 1665 Historia Eustachio-Mariana 1665 Arithmologia sive de abditis Numerorum mysteriis 1666 Obelisci Aegyptiaci … interpretatio hieroglyphica 1667 China monumentis, qua sacris qua profanis, necnon variis naturae et artis spectaculis aliarumque rerum memorabilium argumentis illustrata 1667 Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatio physiologica 1668 Organum mathematicum 1669 Principis Cristiani archetypon politicum 1669 Latium 1669 Ars magna sciendi sive combinatorica 1670 La Chine […] illustrée de plusieurs monuments tant sacrés que profanes […] 1671 Ars magna lucis et umbrae 1673 Phonurgia nova, sive conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & natvrae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum 1675 Arca Noë 1676 Sphinx mystagoga 1676 Obelisci Aegyptiaci 1679 Musaeum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu 1679 Turris Babel, Sive Archontologia Qua Primo Priscorum post diluvium hominum vita, mores rerumque gestarum magnitudo, Secundo Turris fabrica civitatumque exstructio, confusio linguarum, & inde gentium transmigrationis, cum principalium inde enatorum idiomatum historia, multiplici eruditione describuntur & explicantur. Amstelodami, Jansson-Waesberge 1679. 1679 Tariffa Kircheriana sive mensa Pathagorica expansa 1680 Physiologia Kircheriana experimentalis Musurgia universalis (1650) Turris Babel: Figurative Erklärung, weshalb der Turmbau zu Babel nicht den Mond erreichen konnte Titelkupfer des Werkes Sphinx Mystagoga (1676) Diagramm über die Bezeichnungen Gottes in Oedipus Aegyptiacus Einzelnachweise [Bearbeiten] 1.↑ Vgl. Klaus Zacharias: P, Athanasius Kircher SJ (1602-1680). In: Vereinigung ehemaliger Schüler des Gymnasium Theodorianum in Paderborn (Hrsg.): Jahresbericht 2010. Paderborn 2010, S. 84-85. 2.↑ Stefan Winkle: Kulturgeschichte der Seuchen. Düsseldorf/Zürich 1997. S. 482. Literatur [Bearbeiten] Zitatquellen [Bearbeiten] Edward W. Schmidt: The Last Renaissance Man: Athanasius Kircher, SJ. in: Company, The World of Jesuits and Their Friends. Chicago 19.2001-2002,2. ISSN 0886-1293 Umberto Eco: Die Insel des vorigen Tages. Carl Hanser, München 1998. ISBN 3-446-18085-0 Umberto Eco: Die Suche nach der vollkommenen Sprache. C.H. Beck, München 1994. ISBN 3-406-37888-9 Umberto Eco: Serendipities: Language and Lunacy. Columbia University Press, New York 1998. ISBN 0-231-11134-7 Allgemein [Bearbeiten] Adolf Erman: Kircher, Athanasius. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Band 16, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1882, S. 1–4. Ulf Scharlau: Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680) als Musikschriftsteller. Ein Beitrag zur Musikanschauung des Barock. Marburg 1969. Conor Reilly: Athanasius Kircher. A master of a hundred arts. 1602–1680. Studia Kircheriana. Edizioni del Mondo, Wiesbaden 1974. Dieter Ullmann: Zur Frühgeschichte der Akustik: A. Kirchers "Phonurgia nova". Wiss. Z. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, math.-naturwiss. R. 27, 355-360 (1978) Joscelyn Godwin: Athanasius Kircher. A Renaissance man and the quest for lost knowledge. Thames and Hudson, London 1979. ISBN 0-500-81022-2 Dieter Ullmann: Ein akustisches Experiment A. Kirchers und seine Geschichte. Zum 300. Todestag des Gelehrten. NTM-Schriftenr. Gesch. Naturwiss., Techn., Med., Leipzig 17, H.1, 61-68 (1980) Valerio Rivosecchi: Esotismo in Roma Barocca. Studi sul Padre Kircher. Bulzoni, Rom 1982. Ignacio Gómez de Liaño: Athanasius Kircher. Itinerario del éxtasis o Las imágenes de un saber universal. Siruela, Madrid 1986. ISBN 84-85876-45-8 John Fletcher: Athanasius Kircher und seine Beziehungen zum gelehrten Europa seiner Zeit. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1988. ISBN 3-447-02842-4 Gerhard Dünnhaupt: Athanasius Kircher S.J. (1602–1680). In: Personalbibliographien zu den Drucken des Barock. Bd 3. Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1991, S.2326-2350. ISBN 3-7772-9105-6 (Werk- und Literaturverzeichnis) Athanasius Kircher: Musurgia Universalis: Musical Experiments; Harmonies of the planets and their satellites. In: Joscelyn Godwin (Hrsg.): The Harmony of the Spheres. A sourcebook of the Pythagorean tradition in music. Inner Traditions International, Rochester (Vermont) 1993, S.263-286. ISBN 0-89281-265-6 Olaf Hein: Die Drucker und Verleger der Werke des Polyhistors Athanasius Kircher S.J. […]. 5 Bde. Bd 1. Allgemeiner Teil. Böhlau, Köln 1993. ISBN 3-412-08590-1 Thomas Leinkauf: Mundus combinatus. Studien zur Struktur der barocken Universalwissenschaft am Beispiel Athanasius Kirchers SJ (1602-1680). Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1993. ISBN 3-05-002364-3 Franz Daxecker: Der Jesuit Athanasius Kircher und sein Organum mathematicum. in: Gesnerus. Swiss Journal of the History of Medicine and Sciences. Basel 57.2000, S.77-83. ISSN 0016-9161 Dieter Ullmann: Athanasius Kircher und die Akustik der Zeit um 1650, NTM-Internat. Zeitschrift f. Geschichte und Ethik der Naturwiss., Technik und Medizin, Birkhäuser Basel, Volume 10, Nummer 2, September 2002, S. 65-77, doi:10.1007/BF03033102 Gregor K. Stasch (Hrsg.): Magie des Wissens. Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680). Jesuit und Universalgelehrter. Ausstellungskatalog des Vonderau-Museums Fulda. Imhof, Petersberg 2003. ISBN 3-935590-82-2 Paula Findlen (Hrsg.): Athanasius Kircher. The last man who knew everything. Routledge, New York 2004. ISBN 0-415-94016-8 Jean-Pierre Thiollet: Je m’appelle Byblos. H & D, Paris 2005, S.254. ISBN 2-914266-04-9 Melanie Wald: „Sic ludit in orbe terrarum aeterna Dei sapientia“ – Harmonie als Utopie. Untersuchungen zur Musurgia universalis von Athanasius Kircher. Dissertation, Universität Zürich 2005. Rainer Cadenbach: Einige apologetische Erwägungen zur musikgeschichtlichen Relevanz von Athanasius Kirchers Phantasien zur Musiktherapie, in: Ars magna musices — Athanasius Kircher und die Universalität der Musik. Vorträge des deutsch-italienischen Symposiums aus Anlass des 400. Geburtstages von Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680), hrsg. von Markus Engelhardt und Michael Heinemann, Laaber 2007 (= Analecta musicologica, Band 38), S. 227–252. Totaro Giunia: L'autobiographie d'Athanasius Kircher. L'écriture d'un jésuite entre vérité et invention au seuil de l'œuvre. Introduction et traduction française et italienne. Peter Lang, Bern 2009. ISBN 978-3-03911-793-2, S. 430. Eckart Roloff: Athanasius Kircher (1602 - 1680): Der Phantast aus der Rhön macht Karriere in Rom. In: Eckart Roloff: Göttliche Geistesblitze. Pfarrer und Priester als Erfinder und Entdecker. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2010. ISBN 978-3-527-32578-8, S. 115-136 (mit Hinweisen auf Erinnerungsstätten, Museen, Straßen u. ä.) Gregor Eisenhauer:Scharlatane In: Hans Magnus Enzensberger (Hrsg.): Die andere Bibliothek, Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 1994, S. 105-135, ISBN 3-8218-4112-5 Weblinks [Bearbeiten] Commons: Athanasius Kircher – Album mit Bildern und/oder Videos und Audiodateien Literatur von und über Athanasius Kircher im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Druckschriften von und über Athanasius Kircher im VD 17 Digitalisierte Drucke von Athanasius Kircher im Katalog der Herzog-August-Bibliothek Leben und Werk des Athanasius Kircher Beitrag im The Museum Of Jurassic Technology, Culver City, Kalifornien, USA Athanasius Kircher. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Biografie Athanasius Kirchers Private Seite von Kurt Scheuerer Athanasius Kircher – Universalgelehrter aus der Rhön Private Seite von Stefan Etzel Athanasius Kirchers geologisches Weltbild im Lichte heutiger Anschauungen M. Okrusch & K.-P. Kelber, Universität Würzburg Ausführliche Forschungsbibliographie zu Athanasius Kircher, geordnet nach Themengebieten Seiten in englischer Sprache [Bearbeiten] Athanasius Kircher, Dude of Wonders - Artikel aus The Chronicle vom 28. Mai 2002 (Englisch) Das Athanasius Kircher Projekt der Stanford Universität, USA (Englisch) Ausführliches Linkverzeichnis über A. Kircher (in Englisch) Athanasius Kirchers Magnetische Uhr (Englisch) New Advent – Katholische Enzyklopädie Artikel über Kircher (Englisch) Infoplease Enzyklopädie Artikel über Kircher (Englisch) Athanasius Kirchers Korrespondenz Forschungsprojekt von Michael John Gorman und Nick Wilding (Englisch) Erstmaliger Einsatz des Mikroskops in der Medizin Artikel von Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science (Englisch) The Galileo Project Artikel über Kircher (Englisch) Historischer Hintergrund der Zytologie (Englisch) The World is Bound With Secret Knots Das Leben und Werk von Athanasius Kircher (Englisch) Das Voynich-Manuskript unter Anderem Kirchers Biografie (Englisch) Proceedings of the Athanasius Kircher Society (Englisch) Werke im Internet [Bearbeiten] Zahlreiche Digitalisate China illustrata (1667) Musurgia Universalis (1650) Glasgow University Library (Englisch) Iter Extaticum Coeleste. Herbipoli 1660, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden Phonurgia nova sive coniugium mechanico-physicum artis & naturae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum. Campidonae 1673, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden Neue Hall- und Thon-Kunst, Oder Mechanische Gehaim-Verbindung der Kunst und Natur, durch Stimme und Hall-Wissenschafft gestifftet. Ellwangen 1684, Online-Ausgabe der Sächsischen Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden Digitalisierte Werke von Kircher - SICD der Universitäten von Strasbourg de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher
Irapuato
Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680) (sometimes erroneously spelled Kirchner) was a 17th century German Jesuit scholar who published around 40 works, most notably in the fields of oriental studies, geology, and medicine. Kircher has been compared to fellow Jesuit Roger Boscovich and to Leonardo da Vinci for his enormous range of interests, and has been honoured with the title "master of a hundred arts".…Plus
Athanasius Kircher (1602–1680) (sometimes erroneously spelled Kirchner) was a 17th century German Jesuit scholar who published around 40 works, most notably in the fields of oriental studies, geology, and medicine. Kircher has been compared to fellow Jesuit Roger Boscovich and to Leonardo da Vinci for his enormous range of interests, and has been honoured with the title "master of a hundred arts".[2]
Kircher was the most famous "decipherer" of hieroglyphs of his day, although most of his assumptions and "translations" in this field have since been disproved as nonsensical. However, he did make an early study of Egyptian hieroglyphs, correctly establishing the link between the ancient Egyptian language and the Coptic language, for which he has been considered the founder of Egyptology. He was also fascinated with Sinology, and wrote an encyclopedia of China, in which he noted the early presence of Nestorian Christians but also attempted to establish more tenuous links with Egypt and Christianity.
Kircher's work with geology included studies of volcanos and fossils. One of the first people to observe microbes through a microscope, he was thus ahead of his time in proposing that the plague was caused by an infectious microorganism and in suggesting effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. Kircher also displayed a keen interest in technology and mechanical inventions, and inventions attributed to him include a magnetic clock, various automatons and the first megaphone. The invention of the magic lantern is often misattributed to Kircher, although he did conduct a study of the principles involved in his Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae.
A scientific star in his day, towards the end of his life he was eclipsed by the rationalism of René Descartes and others. In the late 20th century, however, the aesthetic qualities of his work again began to be appreciated. One modern scholar, Alan Cutler, described Kircher as "a giant among seventeenth-century scholars", and "one of the last thinkers who could rightfully claim all knowledge as his domain".[3] Another scholar, Edward W. Schmidt, referred to Kircher as "the last Renaissance man".
Life
Kircher was born on 2 May in either 1601 or 1602 (he himself did not know) in Geisa, Buchonia, near Fulda, currently Hesse, Germany. From his birthplace he took the epithets Bucho, Buchonius and Fuldensis which he sometimes added to his name. He attended the Jesuit College in Fulda from 1614 to 1618, when he joined the order himself as a seminarian.
The youngest of nine children, Kircher was a precocious youngster who was taught Hebrew by a rabbi[citation needed]in addition to his studies at school. He studied philosophy and theology at Paderborn, but fled to Cologne in 1622 to escape advancing Protestant forces.[citation needed] On the journey, he narrowly escaped death after falling through the ice crossing the frozen Rhine— one of several occasions on which his life was endangered. Later, travelling to Heiligenstadt, he was caught and nearly hanged by a party of Protestant soldiers.[citation needed]
At Heiligenstadt, he taught mathematics, Hebrew and Syriac, and produced a show of fireworks and moving scenery for the visiting Elector Archbishop of Mainz, showing early evidence of his interest in mechanical devices. He joined the priesthood in 1628 and became professor of ethics and mathematics at the University of Würzburg, where he also taught Hebrew and Syrian. From 1628, he also began to show an interest in Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Kircher published his first book (the Ars Magnesia, reporting his research on magnetism) in 1631, but the same year he was driven by the continuing Thirty Years' War to the papal University of Avignon in France. In 1633, he was called to Vienna by the emperor to succeed Kepler as Mathematician to the Habsburg court. On the intervention of Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, the order was rescinded and he was sent instead to Rome to continue with his scholarly work, but he had already set off for Vienna.
On the way, his ship was blown off-course and he arrived in Rome before he knew of the changed decision. He based himself in the city for the rest of his life, and from 1638, he taught mathematics, physics and oriental languages at the Collegio Romano for several years before being released to devote himself to research. He studied malaria and the plague, amassing a collection of antiquities, which he exhibited along with devices of his own creation in the Museum Kircherianum.
In 1661, Kircher discovered the ruins of a church said to have been constructed by Constantine on the site of Saint Eustace's vision of Jesus Christ in a stag's horns. He raised money to pay for the church’s reconstruction as the Santuario della Mentorella, and his heart was buried in the church on his death.
[edit] Work
Kircher published a large number of substantial books on a very wide variety of subjects, such as Egyptology, geology, and music theory. His syncretic approach paid no attention to the boundaries between disciplines which are now conventional: his Magnes, for example, was ostensibly a discussion of magnetism, but also explored other forms of attraction such as gravity and love. Perhaps Kircher's best-known work today is his Oedipus Aegyptiacus (1652–54) a vast study of Egyptology and comparative religion. His books, written in Latin, had a wide circulation in the 17th century, and they contributed to the dissemination of scientific information to a broader circle of readers. But Kircher is not now considered to have made any significant original contributions, although a number of discoveries and inventions (e.g., the magic lantern) have sometimes been mistakenly attributed to him.[4]
[edit] Linguistic and cultural studies
[edit] Egyptology
Main article: Oedipus Aegyptiacus
Further information: Egyptology, Egyptian hieroglyphics and Egyptian language

The Coptic alphabet, from Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacus
The last known example of Egyptian hieroglyphics dates from AD 394, after which all knowledge of hieroglyphics were lost.[5] Until Thomas Young and Jean-François Champollion found the key to hieroglyphics in the 19th century, the main authority was the 4th century Greek grammarian Horapollon, whose chief contribution was the misconception that hieroglyphics were "picture writing" and that future translators should look for symbolic meaning in the pictures.[6] The first modern study of hieroglypics came with Piero Valeriano Bolzani's nonsensical Hieroglyphica (1566),[5] but Kircher was the most famous of the "decipherers" between ancient and modern times and the most famous Egyptologist of his day.[7] In his Lingua Aegyptiaca Restituta (1643), Kircher called hieroglyphics "this language hitherto unknown in Europe, in which there are as many pictures as letters, as many riddles as sounds, in short as many mazes to be escaped from as mountains to be climbed".[7] While some of his notions are long discredited, portions of his work have been valuable to later scholars, and Kircher helped pioneer Egyptology as a field of serious study.
Kircher's interest in Egyptology began in 1628 when he became intrigued by a collection of hieroglyphs in the library at Speyer. He learned Coptic in 1633 and published the first grammar of that language in 1636, the Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacus. Kircher then broke with Horapollon's interpretation of the language of the hieroglyphs with his Lingua aegyptiaca restituta. Kircher argued that Coptic preserved the last development of ancient Egyptian.[7][8] For this Kircher has been considered the true "founder of Egyptology", because his work was conducted "before the discovery of the Rosetta Stone rendered Egyptian hieroglyphics comprehensible to scholars".[8] He also recognised the relationship between the hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts.

Frontispiece to Kircher's Oedipus Ægyptiacus; the Sphinx, confronted by Kircher's learning, admits he has solved her riddle.
Between 1650 and 1654, Kircher published four volumes of "translations" of hieroglyphs in the context of his Coptic studies.[7] However, according to Steven Frimmer, "none of them even remotely fitted the original texts".[7] In Oedipus Aegyptiacus, Kircher argued under the impression of the Hieroglyphica that ancient Egyptian was the language spoken by Adam and Eve, that Hermes Trismegistus was Moses, and that hieroglyphs were occult symbols which "cannot be translated by words, but expressed only by marks, characters and figures." This led him to translate simple hieroglyphic texts now known to read as dd Wsr ("Osiris says") as "The treachery of Typhon ends at the throne of Isis; the moisture of nature is guarded by the vigilance of Anubis".[citation needed]
Although his approach to deciphering the texts was based on a fundamental misconception, Kircher did pioneer serious study of hieroglyphs, and the data which he collected were later used by Champollion in his successful efforts to decode the script. Kircher himself was alive to the possibility of the hieroglyphs constituting an alphabet; he included in his proposed system (incorrect) derivations of the Greek alphabet from 21 hieroglyphs.[citation needed] However, according to Joseph MacDonnell, it was "because of Kircher's work that scientists knew what to look for when interpreting the Rosetta stone".[9] Another scholar of ancient Egypt, Erik Iverson, concluded:
It is therefore Kircher's incontestable merit that he was the first to have discovered the phonetic value of an Egyptian hieroglyph. From a humanistic as well as an intellectual point of view Egyptology may very well be proud of having Kircher as its founder.[10]
Kircher was also actively involved in the erection of obelisks in Roman squares, often adding fantastic "hieroglyphs" of his own design in the blank areas that are now puzzling to modern scholars.[citation needed]
[edit] Sinology

Map of China, China Illustrata
See also: Jesuit China missions
Kircher had an early interest in China, telling his superior in 1629 that he wished to become a missionary to the country. His China Illustrata (1667) was an encyclopedia of China, which combined accurate cartography with mythical elements, such as dragons. The work emphasized the Christian elements of Chinese history, both real and imagined: he noted the early presence of Nestorians, but also claimed that the Chinese were descended from the sons of Ham, that Confucius was Hermes Trismegistus/Moses and that the Chinese characters were abstracted hieroglyphs. In his system, ideograms were inferior to hieroglyphs because they referred to specific ideas rather than to mysterious complexes of ideas, while the signs of the Maya and Aztecs were yet lower pictograms which referred only to objects. Umberto Eco comments that this idea reflected and supported the European attitude to the Chinese and native American civilisations;
"China was presented not as an unknown barbarian to be defeated but as a prodigal son who should return to the home of the common father". (p. 69)
[edit] Biblical studies and exegesis
In 1675, he published Arca Noë, the results of his research on the biblical Ark of Noah— following the Counter-Reformation, allegorical interpretation was giving way to the study of the Old Testament as literal truth among Scriptural scholars. Kircher analyzed the dimensions of the Ark; based on the number of species known to him (excluding insects and other forms thought to arise spontaneously), he calculated that overcrowding would not have been a problem. He also discussed the logistics of the Ark voyage, speculating on whether extra livestock was brought to feed carnivores and what the daily schedule of feeding and caring for animals must have been.
[edit] Other cultural work
Kircher reportedly received a copy of the Voynich Manuscript in 1666; it was supposedly sent to him by Johannes Marcus Marci in the hope of his being able to decipher it, and remained in the Collegio Romano until Victor Emmanuel II of Italy annexed the Papal States in 1870, though scepticism as to the authenticity of the story and of the origin of the manuscript itself exists. In his Polygraphia nova (1663), Kircher proposed an artificial universal language.
[edit] Physical sciences
[edit] Geology

Kircher's model of the Earth's internal fires, from Mundus Subterraneus
On a visit to southern Italy in 1638, the ever-curious Kircher was lowered into the crater of Vesuvius, then on the brink of eruption, in order to examine its interior. He was also intrigued by the subterranean rumbling which he heard at the Strait of Messina. His geological and geographical investigations culminated in his Mundus Subterraneus of 1664, in which he suggested that the tides were caused by water moving to and from a subterranean ocean.
Kircher was also puzzled by fossils. He understood that some were the remains of animals which had turned to stone, but ascribed others to human invention or to the spontaneous generative force of the earth. He ascribed large bones to giant races of humans.[11] Not all the objects which he was attempting to explain were in fact fossils, hence the diversity of explanations. He interpreted mountain ranges as the Earth's skeletal structures exposed by weathering.[12]
[edit] Medicine

The ears of a human, cow, horse, dog, leopard, cat, rat, pig, sheep and goose illustrated in Musurgia Universalis
Kircher took a notably modern approach to the study of diseases, as early as 1646 using a microscope to investigate the blood of plague victims. In his Scrutinium Pestis of 1658, he noted the presence of "little worms" or "animalcules" in the blood, and concluded that the disease was caused by microorganisms. The conclusion was correct, although it is likely that what he saw were in fact red or white blood cells and not the plague agent, Yersinia pestis. He also proposed hygienic measures to prevent the spread of disease, such as isolation, quarantine, burning clothes worn by the infected and wearing facemasks to prevent the inhalation of germs.
[edit] Technology

Kircher's magnetic clock
In 1646, Kircher published Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae, on the subject of the display of images on a screen using an apparatus similar to the magic lantern as developed by Christian Huygens and others. Kircher described the construction of a "catotrophic lamp" that used reflection to project images on the wall of a darkened room. Although Kircher did not invent the device, he made improvements over previous models, and suggested methods by which exhibitors could use his device. Much of the significance of his work arises from Kircher's rational approach towards the demystification of projected images.[13] Previously such images had been used in Europe to mimic supernatural appearances (Kircher himself cites the use of displayed images by the rabbis in the court of King Solomon). Kircher stressed that exhibitors should take great care to inform spectators that such images were purely naturalistic, and not magical in origin.
Kircher also constructed a magnetic clock, the mechanism of which he explained in his Magnes (1641). The device had originally been invented by another Jesuit, Fr. Linus of Liege, and was described by an acquaintance of Line's in 1634. Kircher's patron Peiresc had claimed that the clock's motion supported the Copernican cosmological model, the argument being that the magnetic sphere in the clock was caused to rotate by the magnetic force of the sun. Kircher's model disproved the hypothesis, showing that the motion could be produced by a water clock in the base of the device. Although Kircher wrote against the Copernican model in his Magnes, supporting instead that of Tycho Brahe, his later Itinerarium extaticum (1656, revised 1671), presented several systems — including the Copernican — as distinct possibilities. The clock has been reconstructed by Caroline Bouguereau and is on display at the Green Library at Stanford University: reconstruction with images
The Musurgia Universalis (1650) sets out Kircher's views on music: he believed that the harmony of music reflected the proportions of the universe. The book includes plans for constructing water-powered automatic organs, notations of birdsong and diagrams of musical instruments. One illustration shows the differences between the ears of humans and other animals. In Phonurgia Nova (1673) Kircher considered the possibilities of transmitting music to remote places.
Other machines designed by Kircher include an aeolian harp, automatons such as a statue which spoke and listened via a speaking tube, a perpetual motion machine, and a Katzenklavier ("cat piano"). This last of these would have driven spikes into the tails of cats, which would yowl to specified pitches, although Kircher is not known to have actually constructed the instrument.
[edit] Combinatorics
Although Kircher's work was not mathematically based, he did develop various systems for generating and counting all combinations of a finite collection of objects (i.e. a finite set). His methods and diagrams are discussed in Ars Magna Sciendi, sive Combinatoria (sic).
[edit] Legacy
[edit] Scholarly influence
For most of his professional life, Kircher was one of the scientific stars of the world: according to historian Paula Findlen, he was "the first scholar with a global reputation". His importance was twofold: to the results of his own experiments and research he added information gleaned from his correspondence with over 760 scientists, physicians and above all his fellow Jesuits in all parts of the globe. The Encyclopædia Britannica calls him a "one-man intellectual clearing house". His works, illustrated to his orders, were extremely popular, and he was the first scientist to be able to support himself through the sale of his books. Towards the end of his life his stock fell, as the rationalist Cartesian approach began to dominate (Descartes himself described Kircher as "more quacksalver than savant").
[edit] Cultural legacy

Turris Babel: with typical eclecticism, Kircher illustrates the impossibility of the Tower of Babel having reached the moon, 1679
Kircher was largely neglected until the late 20th century. One writer attributes his rediscovery to the similarities between his eclectic approach and postmodernism:
[Four hundred] years after his birth there is a revival of interest in Kircher, perhaps because Kircher can be considered as the premodern root of postmodern thinking. With his labyrinthine mind, he was Jorge Luis Borges… before Borges. …at the start of the 21st century Kircher's taste for trivia, deception and wonder is back.[14]
He added that "Kircher's postmodern qualities include his subversiveness, his celebrity, his technomania and his bizarre eclecticism". In Robert Graham Irwin's For Lust of Knowing, Kircher is called "one of the last scholars aspiring to know everything", with Kircher's contemporary countryman Gottfried Leibniz cited as the probable "last" such scholar.[citation needed]
As few of Kircher's works have been translated, the contemporary emphasis has been on their aesthetic qualities rather than their actual content, and a succession of exhibitions have highlighted the beauty of their illustrations. Historian Anthony Grafton has said that "the staggeringly strange dark continent of Kircher's work [is] the setting for a Borges story that was never written", while Umberto Eco has written about Kircher in his novel The Island of the Day Before, as well as in his non-fiction works The Search for the Perfect Language and Serendipities. The contemporary artist Cybèle Varela has paid tribute to Kircher in her exhibition Ad Sidera per Athanasius Kircher, held in the Collegio Romano, in the same place where the Museum Kircherianum was.
The Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles has a hall dedicated to the life of Kircher. The Athanasius Kircher Society had a weblog devoted to unusual ephemera, which very occasionally relate to Kircher.[15]
[edit] Bibliography
Kircher's principal works, in chronological order, are:
Year
Title
Link
1631
Ars Magnesia

1635
Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae

1636
Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacus

1637
Specula Melitensis encyclica, hoc est syntagma novum instrumentorum physico- mathematicorum

1641
Magnes sive de arte magnetica
1643 edition (second ed.)
1643
Lingua aegyptiaca restituta

1645–1646
Ars Magna Lucis et umbrae
1646 edition
1650
Obeliscus Pamphilius: hoc est, Interpretatio noua & Hucusque Intentata Obelisci Hieroglyphici
1650 edition
1650
Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni
Volumes I and II, 1650
1652–1655
Oedipus Aegyptiacus

1654
Magnes sive (third, expanded edition)

1656
Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste

1657
Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus

1658
Scrutinium Physico-Medicum Contagiosae Luis, quae dicitur Pestis

1660
Pantometrum Kircherianum ... explicatum a G. Schotto

1661
Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus

1663
Polygraphia, seu artificium linguarium quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere

1664–1678
Mundus subterraneus, quo universae denique naturae divitiae
Tomus II , 1678
1665
Historia Eustachio-Mariana
1665 edition
1665
Arithmologia sive De abditis numerorum mysterijs
1665 edition
1666
Obelisci Aegyptiaci ... interpretatio hieroglyphica

1667
China Monumentis, qua sacris qua profanis
La Chine, 1670
1667
Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatio physiologica

1668
Organum mathematicum

1669
Principis Cristiani archetypon politicum

1669
Latium
1671 edition
1669
Ars magna sciendi sive combinatorica
1669 edition
1673
Phonurgia nova, sive conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & natvrae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum

1675
Arca Noe

1676
Sphinx mystagoga: sive Diatribe hieroglyphica, qua Mumiae, ex Memphiticis Pyramidum Adytis Erutae…
1676 edition
1676
Obelisci Aegyptiaci

1679
Musaeum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu

1679
Turris Babel, Sive Archontologia Qua Primo Priscorum post diluvium hominum vita, mores rerumque gestarum magnitudo, Secundo Turris fabrica civitatumque exstructio, confusio linguarum, & inde gentium transmigrationis, cum principalium inde enatorum idiomatum historia, multiplici eruditione describuntur & explicantur. Amsterdam, Jansson-Waesberge 1679.

1679
Tariffa Kircheriana sive mensa Pathagorica expansa

1680
Physiologia Kicheriana experimentalis
1680 edition
[edit] See also
List of Jesuit scientists
[edit] Notes
^ Woods, p 4, 109
^ Woods, p 108
^ Cutler, p 68
^ "Kircher, Athanasius." Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. (2008).
^ a b Frimmer, p 37
^ Frimmer, p 37-39
^ a b c d e Frimmer, p 38
^ a b Woods, p 109
^ MacDonnell, p 12
^ Iverson, p 97-98
^ Palmer, Douglas (2005) Earth Time: Exploring the Deep Past from Victorian England to the Grand Canyon. Wiley, Chichester. ISBN 9780470022214
^ The Earth - Richard Fortey, Harper Perennial 2004
^ Musser, p 613
^ www.safran-arts.com/…/02kirxer.html
^ Athanasius Kircher Society Charter
[edit] References
Cutler, Alan (2003). The Seashell on the Mountaintop. New York: Dutton.
Frimmer, Steven (1969). The stone that spoke: and other clues to the decipherment of lost languages. Putnam.
Iverson, Erik (1961). The Myth of Egypt and its Hieroglyphs. Copenhagen.
MacDonnell, Joseph (1989). Jesuit Geometers. St Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources.
Musser, Charles (1990). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907. University of California Press. ISBN0-520-08533-7.
Woods, Thomas (2005). How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. ISBN0-89526-038-7.
[edit] Further reading
Umberto Eco: Serendipities: Language and Lunacy. Columbia University Press (1998). ISBN 0-231-11134-7.
John Edward Fletcher: A brief survey of the unpublished correspondence of Athanasius Kircher S J. (1602–80), in: Manuscripta, XIII, St. Louis, 1969, pp. 150–60.
Paula Findlen: Athanasius Kircher: The Last Man Who Knew Everything. New York, Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-94016-8 * John Edward Fletcher: Johann Marcus Marci writes to Athanasius Kircher. Janus, Leyden, LIX (1972), pp. 97–118
John Edward Fletcher: Athanasius Kircher und seine Beziehungen zum gelehrten Europa seiner Zeit Wolfenbütteler Arbeiten zur Barockforschung, Band 17, 1988. -
John Edward Fletcher: "Johann Marcus Marci writes to Athanasius Kircher", Janus, 59 (1972), pp 95–118.
John Edward Fletcher: Athanasius Kircher : A Man Under Pressure. 1988
John Edward Fletcher: Athanasius Kircher And Duke August Of Brunswick-Lüneberg : A Chronicle Of Friendship. 1988
John Edward Fletcher: Athanasius Kircher And His Correspondence. 1988
Godwin, Joscelyn: Athanasius Kircher's Theatre of the World: The Life and Work of the Last Man to Search for Universal Knowledge. Inner Traditions (2009). ISBN 978-159477329-7
Caterina Marrone, I geroglifici fantastici di Athanasius Kircher,Viterbo: Nuovi Equilibri, 2002, pp. 166, ISBN 88-7226-653-X.
Caterina Marrone, Le lingue utopiche,Viterbo: Nuovi Equilibri, 2004 [1995], pp. 338 ISBN 88-7226-815-X.
Schmidt, Edward W. :The Last Renaissance Man: Athanasius Kircher, SJ. Company: The World of Jesuits and Their Friends. 19(2), Winter 2001–2002.
Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Je m'appelle Byblos, Paris, H & D, 2005 (p. 254). ISBN 978-2914266048
Cybèle Varela: Ad Sidera per Athanasius Kircher. Rome, Gangemi, 2008. ISBN 978-88492-1416-1
Zielinski, Siegfried. Deep Time of the Media. The MIT Press (April 30, 2008) ISBN 978-0262740326. p. 113-157.
Giunia Totaro, L'autobiographie d'Athanasius Kircher. L'écriture d'un jésuite entre vérité et invention au seuil de l'œuvre. Introduction et traduction française et italienne, Bern: Peter Lang 2009, p. 430 ISBN 978-3-03911-793-2.
Tiziana Pangrazi, La Musurgia Universalis di Athanasius Kircher, Firenze: Olschki 2009, pp. 206, ISBN 978 88 222 5886 1
[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Athanasius Kircher
[edit] Works by Kircher
Athanasius Kircher Herzog August Bibliothek (Wolfenbütteler Digitale Bibliothek... search for Athanasius Kircher)
Athanasius Kircher ECHO (European Cultural Heritage Online)
Athanasius Kircher Max Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte
Athanasius Kircher Gallica
Athanasius Kircher Titles; Athanasius Kircher as author books.google.com
Athanasius Kircher archive.org
Athanasius Kircher Munich Digitisation Centre (MDZ)
Athanasius Kircher University of Strasbourg
Arca Noë (1675) in the digital collections of the Linda Hall Library
An English translation of China Illustrata appearing as an "Appendix" in: Johan Nieuhof, An embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperor of China : delivered by their excellencies Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at his imperial city of Peking wherein the cities, towns, villages, ports, rivers, &c. in their passages from Canton to Peking are ingeniously described by John Nieuhoff ; also an epistle of Father John Adams, their antagonist, concerning the whole negotiation ; with an appendix of several remarks taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher ; Englished and set forth with their several sculptures by John Ogilby (1673),
[edit] Sources
Athanasius Kircher, Dude of Wonders Retrieved Mar. 9, 2009.
Athanasius Kircher Image Gallery Retrieved Mar. 9, 2009.
Athanasius Kircher's Magnetic Clock Internet Archive.
Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (German language) Retrieved Mar. 9, 2009.
Catholic Encyclopedia Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
Glasgow University Library: Musurgia Universalis Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
Infoplease: Athanasius Kircher Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
The Correspondence of Athanasius Kircher Internet Archive
The Correspondence of Athanasius Kircher. Originals letters Historical Archives of the Pontifical Gregorian University
The First Use of the Microscope in Medicine Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
The Galileo Project Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
Owners of the Voynich Manuscript Retrieved Feb. 3, 2005.
The World is Bound With Secret Knots Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
Voynich MS - Biographies Retrieved Oct. 16, 2004.
[edit] Further reading
Fairfield University: Athanasius Kircher
An extensive subcategorized link directory about A. Kircher
Geology and A. Kircher (PDF files, in German)
The Museum of Jurassic Technology in Culver City, California includes models of Kircher's inventions.
University of Lucerne, Switzerland: Kircher-research project (in German)
International Bibliography of Athanasius Kircher Research
Kircherianum Virtuale: A link directory about Kircher and related subjects
Athanasius Kircher: Contains a short biography, an English translation of Kirchers most wellknown work about the Magic Lantern and of a letter from Kircher to a Swedish prince
Athanasius Kircher Project at Stanford University. Includes high-quality scans of many illustrations from his books.
Works by or about Athanasius Kircher in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher
Irapuato
Là où les tigres sont chez eux (“Where Tigers Feel at Home”) by Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès, published last Fall by Zulma. An adventure epic that takes the reader from 17th-century Europe to today’s Brazilian favelas, Les tigres won several literary awards in France, including the prestigious Prix Medicis. A critic in Le Figaro Litteraire compared it to “Umberto Eco revisited by Indiana Jones in …Plus
Là où les tigres sont chez eux (“Where Tigers Feel at Home”) by Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès, published last Fall by Zulma. An adventure epic that takes the reader from 17th-century Europe to today’s Brazilian favelas, Les tigres won several literary awards in France, including the prestigious Prix Medicis. A critic in Le Figaro Litteraire compared it to “Umberto Eco revisited by Indiana Jones in Malcolm Lowry, with a zest of African Queen and Lévi-Strauss in Nambikwara”! Here’s a synopsis: Eléazard von Wogau is an obscure author and foreign correspondent living in Alcântara, a ghost city of the wild northern regions of Brazil. He is also an expert on German encyclopedist Athanase Kircher, a sort of Leonardo da Vinci of the Baroque age. One day, a fascinating biography of Kircher, seemingly written by German Jesuit Casper Schott, falls into his hands. Eléazard’s journey into that biography intertwines with the intriguing destinies of the book’s other characters: Elaine, his ex-wife, on a jungle expedition in a search of precious fossils; Moéma, his cocaine-addict daughter who is studying the origins of primitive tribes; the diabolical governor of Maranao; Loredana, a seductive Italian journalist; and Nelson, a child from the favelas determined to avenge his father’s death. quarterlyconversation.com/sophie-schiavo-…
Irapuato
Athanasius Kircher (en français : Athanase Kircher) (2 mai 1601, Geisa, en Thuringe, près de Fulda, Allemagne, - 27 novembre 1680, Rome, Italie) est un jésuite allemand, graphologue, orientaliste, esprit encyclopédique et un des scientifiques les plus importants de l'époque baroque. Biographie[modifier] Famille[modifier] Son père, Johannes Kircher de Mayence, avait étudié la philosophie et la …Plus
Athanasius Kircher (en français : Athanase Kircher) (2 mai 1601, Geisa, en Thuringe, près de Fulda, Allemagne, - 27 novembre 1680, Rome, Italie) est un jésuite allemand, graphologue, orientaliste, esprit encyclopédique et un des scientifiques les plus importants de l'époque baroque. Biographie[modifier] Famille[modifier] Son père, Johannes Kircher de Mayence, avait étudié la philosophie et la théologie, et, au lieu de devenir prêtre, était devenu le conseiller du prince-abbé Balthasar de Fulda. Ce dernier sera par la suite expulsé et Johannes Kircher perdra ses fonctions politiques et le statut social qui y étaient attachés. Il n'y reviendra jamais et se consacrera à l'enseignement et à sa vie de famille. Appauvri, il n'en veilla pas moins à donner une bonne instruction à ses six fils parmi lesquels Athanasius était le plus jeune. Études, formation et premier enseignement[modifier] Entre 1614 et 1618, Kircher apprend le grec ancien et l'hébreu au collège jésuite de Fulda. Il entre dans l'ordre jésuite à Paderborn le 2 octobre 1618. Après la formation spirituelle (noviciat) et l'approfondissement des langues classiques (humanités) avec l'étude des sciences à Paderborn (1618 à 1622) il continue sa formation en philosophie à Münster et Cologne, étudie les curiosités du monde physique à Heiligenstadt et, de 1625 à 1628, étudie la théologie à Mayence où il est ordonné prêtre (1628). Il enseigne alors l'éthique et les mathématiques à l'université de Wurzbourg, où il s'initie également à la recherche scientifique et aux langues orientales. Sa première publication (sur le magnétisme) date de cette époque-là : Ars magnesia (1631). Professeur à Rome[modifier] Fuyant la guerre de Trente Ans, il se réfugie à Avignon où il construit un observatoire et publie un essai sur la gnomonique. Il est invité à Vienne mais l'intervention de Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc auprès du cardinal Francesco Barberini fait qu'il est nommé professeur de physique, mathématiques et langues orientales au Collège Romain à Rome (1635). Il semble que le pape Urbain VIII lui-même soit intervenu. Il reste attaché à l'université jusqu'à la fin de sa vie... ce qui ne l'empêche pas de voyager partout où le conduisaient ses investigations scientifiques : Aix, Vienne, Coblence, Münster, Malte, etc. Dès 1646 on le libère de sa tâche d’enseignant pour qu’il puisse se consacrer entièrement à la recherche et l’écriture. Les quelques trente-neuf livres qu'il écrivit touchent les mathématiques, l'astronomie, la musique, l'acoustique, l’archéologie, la chimie, l'optique, la médecine, sans parler des langues orientales, de la volcanologie et d'autres sujets « curieux » même si moins scientifiques : la kabbale, l’occultisme… Ces livres fourmillent d’intuitions et d’hypothèses diverses dont il laissa à ses successeurs la tâche de les confirmer ou infirmer. Souvent comparé à Leonardo da Vinci, ce génie encyclopédique était appelé le « Maître des cent savoirs ». Découvertes et réalisations[modifier] Les domaines auxquels s'intéressa Kircher étaient très divers : géographie, astronomie, mathématiques, médecine, et musique, auxquels il appliqua toujours cette même rigueur scientifique, constante dans son œuvre, en alliant le tout avec une conception mystique de la nature. Baigné dans la traditionnelle scolastique, cela ne l'empêchait guère d'être plus empirique - on dit qu'un jour il alla lui-même au sommet du Vésuve après une éruption, pour mieux l'observer et comprendre le phénomène. Mais aujourd'hui, ses contributions sont unanimement décrites comme peu originales, même si de nombreuses inventions (comme la lanterne magique) lui sont attribuées[1]. Lumière et optique[modifier] En 1646, Kircher publie un traité sur la lumière en relation dialectique avec l'obscurité Ars magna Lucis et Umbrae et se fabrique un microscope qui lui permet de faire des observations pertinentes sur le sang. On lui donne également la paternité de la lanterne magique, ancêtre du cinéma contemporain. Médecine[modifier] Peu enclin à un académisme distant, Kircher s’intéresse à la médecine lorsqu’une épidémie de peste ravage Naples et Rome (1656). Il adopte cependant une approche résolument moderne dans l'étude des maladies et avec son microscope examine le sang des victimes de l’épidémie. Dans ses Scrutinium Pestis publiées en 1658, il note la présence de « petits vers » ou « animalicules » dans le sang et en conclut que la peste est provoquée par des micro-organismes. Sa conclusion est correcte même s'il n'est pas interdit de penser que ce qu'il vit sont des globules blancs ou rouges et non l'agent de la peste, Yersinia pestis. Il propose également des mesures prophylactiques pour prévenir la propagation de la maladie comme l'isolation en quarantaine des malades, l’incinération de leurs vêtements et le port de masque facial pour éviter d'inhaler les germes. Acoustique, musique et harmonie[modifier] Kircher nous a laissé un mégaphone de son invention. Il a aussi proposé un système destiné à engendrer des partitions musicales, ce qui fait de lui le père de la musique algorithmique générative. Toujours dans le registre musical, il est l'auteur de propositions d'instruments de musique automatisés (notamment des orgues actionnées hydrauliquement). Kircher aurait également mis au point un orgue à chats. On rangeait côte à côte, dans des boîtes, des chats dont les miaulements naturels variaient en hauteur. Lorsqu'une touche de l'orgue était pressée, une aiguille s'abattait sur la queue du chat adéquat[2]. Linguistique et hiéroglyphes[modifier] Sans doute le plus grand polyglotte de son temps, Kircher s'intéressait à l'origine des langues, étudia la langue copte (son traité de coptologie : Prodromus Coptus sive Aegyptiacus, 1636) et la vue des obélisques à Rome (1628) le tourna vers l'égyptologie. On l'a également déclaré père de l'égyptologie[3]. Kircher estimait que les signes hiéroglyphiques étaient des symboles. Ses déductions ne pouvaient donc qu'être erronées. Mais, même fausses, certaines sont surprenantes. Par exemple, en examinant le nom du pharaon Apriès c’est-à-dire six malheureux signes, il lit les bienfaits du divin Osiris doivent être procurés par le moyen des cérémonies sacrées et de la chaîne des génies, afin que les bienfaits du Nil soient obtenus ; traduction étonnante alors que le nom du pharaon signifie tout simplement le cœur de Rê est réjoui. Après l'examen des travaux envoyés par Kircher, Peiresc se rend compte des nombreuses erreurs et interprétations douteuses mais maintient (ou fait semblant de maintenir) sa confiance au jésuite. Même s'il ne connaissait pas le chinois, cela ne l’empêcha pas de publier une China monumentis illustrata (Amsterdam, 1667), révélant surtout sa grande capacité de se documenter et son esprit encyclopédique. En d'autres domaines[modifier] Il observa en Sicile une éruption de l’Etna (1630) - pour une meilleure observation il se fit même descendre dans le cône du volcan - et voyagea à Malte (1636) pour y étudier les courants marins, les volcans et tremblements de terre. Il en tira des conclusions intéressantes et écrivit le premier traité de géologie : Mundus subterraneus (Amsterdam, 1665). Outre la lanterne magique et le microscope il inventa une machine à calculer et le pantographe (pour faciliter l’étude de la géométrie). Ces dessins se trouvent dans Pantometrum Kircherianum (Wurzbourg, 1669). Il étudia la Bible à sa manière également, calculant les dimensions de l’arche de Noé (Arca Noe, Amsterdam, 1675) de la Tour de Babel (Turris Babel, Amsterdam, 1679) et du Temple de Salomon. Selon lui, seules les espèces principales avaient pu trouver refuge dans l'arche de Noé : les autres auraient donc été engendrées des premières, sous l'influence des astres, de l'imagination des mères et de l'influence du climat[4],[5]. Il s’égara dans la numérologie biblique : Arithmologia, sive de abditis numerorum mysteriis, Roma, 1665). Par ailleurs, au contraire d'autres grands hommes de science de son époque (Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle) il rejeta complètement l'alchimie. Il créa au Collège romain un musée des sciences et d’ethnographie (le musée Kircher), le premier du genre, qui disparut lors de la suppression de la Compagnie de Jésus en 1773. C'est dans une de ses lettres, datée de 1639, qu'a été retrouvée la plus ancienne mention connue à ce jour du manuscrit de Voynich. Ouvrages[modifier] 1631 Ars Magnesia : sur le magnétisme ; 1635 Primitiae gnomoniciae catroptricae : sur les cadrans solaires et les observations astronomiques ; 1636 Prodromus coptus sive aegyptiacus : sur la langue égyptienne ; 1637 Specula Melitensis encyclica, hoc est syntagma novum instrumentorum physico- mathematicorum ; 1641 Magnes sive de arte magnetica : sur le magnétisme ; 1643 Lingua aegyptiaca restituta ; 1645–1646 Ars Magna Lucis et umbrae in mundo : sur l'astronomie, l'optique, etc. ; 1650 Obeliscus Pamphilius ; 1650 Musurgia universalis, sive ars magna consoni et dissoni : sur la musique ; 1652–1655 Œdipus Ægyptiacus : l'œuvre principale de Kircher, sur la philosophie et l'égyptologie. « Oedipus aegyptiacus, hoc est Universalis hieroglyphicae veterum doctrinae, temporum injuria abolitae, instauratio... - Athanasii Kircheri,... Oedipi aegyptiaci tomus secundus. Gymnasium, sive Phrontisterion hieroglyphicum in duodecim classes distributum... Pars prima [-altera]. - Athanasii Kircheri,... Oedipi aegyptiaci tomus III. Theatrum hieroglyphicum, hoc est nova et hucusque intentata obeliscorum coeterorumque hieroglyphicorum monumentorum... interpretatio... » — Rome, Mascardi, 1652-1654, 3 tomes en 4 vol. : fig., pl., fac-sim., frontisp. et portr. gravés ; in-fol. 1654 Magnes sive ; 1656 Itinerarium extaticum s. opificium coeleste : comment, après avoir entendu un concert donné par trois luthistes, Kircher fut transporté en une voyage extatique à travers les sphères des planètes ; 1657 Iter extaticum secundum, mundi subterranei prodromus : voyage souterrain ; 1658 Scrutinium Physico-Medicum Contagiosae Luis, quae dicitur Pestis : sur les causes de la peste, que Kircher attribue à des germes, en se basant sur ses observations microscopiques ; 1661 Diatribe de prodigiosis crucibus ; 1663 Polygraphia, seu artificium linguarium quo cum omnibus mundi populis poterit quis respondere : proposition d'un langage symbolique, universel, avec vocabulaire latin, italien, espagnol, français et allemand ; 1664–1678 Mundus subterraneus, quo universae denique naturae divitiae : sur la géologie, etc. ; 1665 Historia Eustachio-Mariana ; 1665 Arithmologia : sur les vraies et fausses significations des nombres ; 1666 Obelisci Aegyptiaci ... interpretatio hieroglyphica ; 1667 China Monumentis, qua sacris qua profanis : sur l'Extrême Orient. Trad. fr. par F.S. d'Alquié, Amsterdam 1670 ; 1667 Magneticum naturae regnum sive disceptatio physiologica : bref traité sur des expériences de magnétisme ; 1669 Principis Cristiani archetypon politicum ; 1669 Latium ; 1669 Ars magna sciendi sive combinatorica : système logique à partir de Lulle ; 1673 Phonurgia nova, sive conjugium mechanico-physicum artis & natvrae paranympha phonosophia concinnatum : sur l'acoustique ; 1675 Arca Noe ; 1676 Sphinx mystagoga : sur les momies découvertes à Memphis en 1672 ; 1676 Obelisci Aegyptiaci ; 1679 Musaeum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu ; 1679 Turris Babel, Sive Archontologia Qua Primo Priscorum post diluvium hominum vita, mores rerumque gestarum magnitudo, Secundo Turris fabrica civitatumque exstructio, confusio linguarum, & inde gentium transmigrationis, cum principalium inde enatorum idiomatum historia, multiplici eruditione describuntur & explicantur. Amsterdam, Jansson-Waesberge 1679. sur la tour de Babel, les anciennes civilisations et les langues ; 1679 Tariffa Kircheriana sive mensa Pathagorica expansa : ensemble de tables mathématiques ; 1680 Physiologia Kicheriana experimentalis. Dans la fiction[modifier] En 2008, Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès publie Là où les tigres sont chez eux, roman dont l'un des personnages centraux est Athanase Kircher. Il s'agit en réalité d'une biographie incluse dans plusieurs récits variés qui invitent à la découverte de l'Homme et du monde, à travers la latinité moderne et contemporaine. De là découlent les liens évidents entre Kircher et le Brésil. La figure du père jésuite est évoquée dans 33 chapitres de ce livre-monde, présentés comme « le manuscrit totalement inédit » de la biographie du maître par Gaspar Schott. (Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès, Là où les tigres sont chez eux (Roman), Editions Zulma, 2008, 774 p.) Notes et références[modifier] 1.↑ Kircher, Athanasius, Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite (2008). 2.↑ Chats du monde en 365 photos, GEO 3.↑ Erik Iversen in his Myths of Egypt and its Hieroglyphs, Copenhagen, 1961, p. 97-98 4.↑ Franck Bourdier, « Trois siècles d'hypothèses sur l'origine et la transformation des êtres vivants (1550-1859) [archive] », dans : Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications, 1960, tome 13, no 1. 5.↑ Lamarck et Darwin, À l'occasion du Centenaire de « L'Origine des espèces ». p. 1-44. Annexes[modifier] Sur les autres projets Wikimédia : « Athanasius Kircher », sur Wikimedia Commons (ressources multimédia) Bibliographie[modifier] Paula Findlen, ed. Athanasius Kircher : the last man who knew everything, New York, Routledge, 2004, 465 p. Joscelyn Godwin, Athanasius Kircher, London, 1979, trad. fr. par Sylvain Matton : Athanasius Kircher, un homme de la Renaissance à la quête du savoir perdu, Paris, Jean-Jacques Pauvert, 1980, 96 p. ; Erik Iversen, The Myth of Egypt adn its Hieroglyphs, Copenhagen, 1961 ; Joseph MacDonnell, Jesuit Geometers, St Louis (USA), 1989 ; Sylvain Matton, « Kircher (Athanasius) 1602-1680 » in Encyclopædia Universalis, Paris, 1984, X, pp. 853-855. (Article repris dans Athanase Kircher, Avignon : Médiathèque Ceccano, 1995, p. 3-15) ; J.-C. Margolin, « Histoire, nature, prodiges et religion chez Athanase » d'après la Diatribé de prodigiosis crucibus (Rome, 1661), Esculape et Dionysos. Mélanges en l'honneur de Jean Céard, Genève, Droz, 2008, p. 87-109. C. Reilly, Athanasiua Kircher, Master of a hundred arts, Rome, 1974. Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Je m'appelle Byblos, Paris, H & D, 2005 (p. 254-255). Joscelyn Godwin, Athanasius Kircher, Le Théâtre du Monde, trad. fr. par Charles Moysan, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 2009, 302 p. (Nomb. illustrations) Totaro Giunia, L'autobiographie d'Athanasius Kircher. L'écriture d'un jésuite entre vérité et invention au seuil de l'œuvre. Introduction et traduction française et italienne, Bern: Peter Lang 2009, p. 430 (ISBN 978-3-03911-793-2). Liens externes[modifier] Ouvrages de Kircher numérisés par le SICD des universités de Strasbourg ; (de) Centre de recherche à l'Université de Lucerne. (it) La correspondance de Athanasius Kircher dans les Archives de l'Université Pontificale Grégorienne (it) Le musée Kircher fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher
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Là où les tigres sont chez eux[1] est un roman de Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès paru en 2008 aux éditions Zulma et ayant reçu le Prix Médicis, le Prix du jury Jean Giono et le Prix du roman Fnac la même année. Résumé[modifier] Ce roman fleuve (766 p.), à l'image de l'Amazone, met en scène de manière parallèle les trajectoires de vie de différents personnages du Brésil contemporain et de l'Europe …Plus
Là où les tigres sont chez eux[1] est un roman de Jean-Marie Blas de Roblès paru en 2008 aux éditions Zulma et ayant reçu le Prix Médicis, le Prix du jury Jean Giono et le Prix du roman Fnac la même année. Résumé[modifier] Ce roman fleuve (766 p.), à l'image de l'Amazone, met en scène de manière parallèle les trajectoires de vie de différents personnages du Brésil contemporain et de l'Europe baroque du XVIIe siècle. L'auteur y fait montre d'un sens aigu de l'intrigue et d'une culture que l'on devine importante. Une étude quelque peu fouillée de l'œuvre nous révèle que l'auteur évite adroitement, parmi la kyrielle de personnages qui apparaissent au fil des pages, l'écueil d'une simple juxtaposition d'itinéraires individuels isolés. Bien au contraire, il semble que malgré les divergences d'époque, de lieu et d'aspirations de chacun, l'unité et la qualité du récit provient du fait que les personnages mis en jeu paraissent osciller subtilement entre ceux qui sont mus par des valeurs et ceux qui ont en font fi, d'où une césure perpétuelle (véritable fil conducteur du récit) entre l'inclination à la vertu et le penchant au vice. Les personnages[modifier] Athanasius KircherLes Jésuites Athanase Kircher : jésuite (1601-1680) à l'érudition hors du commun. Personnage ayant réellement existé et dont la culture encyclopédique et l'insatiable curiosité font une personnalité incontournable du milieu religieux et universitaire à l'âge baroque. Caspar Schott : disciple et élève de Kircher. Littéralement fasciné par la puissance de l'intellect de Kircher, c'est lui qui narre les différents exploits créatifs et scientifiques de son maître à travers l'Europe des années 1600. Les géologues Elaine : ex-femme d'Eléazard. Dietlev : ami de longue date d'Elaine. Touché au genou lors d'une fusillade. Mauro : étudiant en géologie. Fils de Moreira. Milton : universitaire carriériste, couard et imbu de sa personne. Meurt par balles sur le fleuve Paraguay. Herman Petersen : trafiquant de drogue qui feint d'emmener en bateau les géologues en expédition en plein cœur de la forêt amazonienne. Profil nazi. Yurupig : indien prenant part à l'expédition. Hernando : accompagnateur qui décède dans les mêmes circonstances que Milton. Les gens de peu Nelson : jeune infirme des favelas de Piramb contraint à faire l'aumône aux carrefours. Il garde en souvenir de son père mort dans une cuve de métal en fusion une barre d'acier dont il prend le plus grand soin. L'Onclé Zé : camionneur ami de Nelson. Les puissants Le colonel Moreira : gouverneur cynique de la région. Projette de construire un complexe touristique lucratif sur la presqu'île d'Alcântara, malgré l'hostilité des autochtones. Carlotta : épouse de Moreira. Elle lui fait une scène quand elle apprend que celui-ci tente de s'approprier à son insu et à des fins spéculatives des terrains familiaux lui appartenant. Les délurés Moéma : étudiante en ethnologie. Fille d'Eléazard et d'Elaine. Relation homosexuelle avec Thaïs en début de roman. Toxicomane. Thaïs : projette d'ouvrir un bar avec Moéma. Roetgen : professeur de Moéma et Thaïs. Un jour, il part pêcher au large avec des pêcheurs locaux. Aynoré : amant indien de Moéma au milieu du roman. Le couple phare Eléazard von Wogau : correspondant de presse chargé de faire la biographie de Kircher. Loredana : journaliste côtoyant Eléazard à titre amical. Soledade : jeune Brésilienne s'occupant des tâches ménagères au domicile d'Eléazard. Aime secrètement ce dernier. La langue et le style[modifier] L'auteur jongle aisément entre la langue précieuse et ampoulée du XVIIe siècle, les jurons portugais brefs et des réflexions en allemand. On notera également l'emploi du latin pour la description de quelques scènes érotiques torrides, comme pour exorciser l'obscénité. Mais que le lecteur non familier des lettres classiques se rassure, car des traductions en bas de page lui permette de ne rien perdre des détails croustillants des ébats. Anecdote[modifier] Le roman commence par les paroles de l'ara d'Eléazard (qui s'appelle Heidegger) et qui ne cesse de déclamer : « L'homme a la bite en pointe ! Haarrk ! L'homme a la bite en pointe ! » preuve s'il en est que le roman n'est pas dénué de pointes d'humour... On apprend plus tard qu'il s'agit là de la déformation par le perroquet de la phrase « L'homme habite en poète ». Le titre du roman est tiré d'une citation de Goethe: "Ce n'est pas impunément qu'on erre sous les palmiers et les idées changent nécessairement dans un pays où les éléphants et les tigres sont chez eux"[2] Récompenses[modifier] Prix du roman Fnac 2008. Prix du jury Jean Giono 2008. Prix Médicis 2008 Références[modifier] 1.↑ Là où les tigres sont chez eux, éditions Zulma, 2008 (ISBN 9-782-84304-457-1) 2.↑ Goethe J.W., Les affinités électives, p.226 Liens externes[modifier] Le livre sur le site de l'éditeur Site de l'auteur fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Là_où_les_tigre…